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\datereceived{2023-06-28}
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\dateposted{2023-11-24}
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%\makeatletter
%\def\TITREspecial{\relax}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@english{Geo-hydrological Data \& Models}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@french{G\'eo-hydrologie, donn\'ees \& mod\`eles}
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\title{A hydrogeological acrostic: in honour of Ghislain~de~Marsily}

\alttitle{Un acrostiche hydrog\'eologique en l'honneur de Ghislain de Marsily}

\shortrunauthors

\author{\firstname{Vazken} \lastname{Andr\'{e}assian}\CDRorcid{0000-0001-7124-9303}\IsCorresp}
\address{INRAE, UR HYCAR, Antony, France}
\email[V. Andr\'{e}assian]{vazken.andreassian@inrae.fr}

\author{\firstname{Val\'{e}rie} \lastname{Plagnes}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-8659-0739}}
\address{Sorbonne Universit\'{e}, UMR METIS, Paris, France}
\email[V. Plagnes]{valerie.plagnes@sorbonne-universite.fr}

\author{\firstname{Craig} \lastname{Simmons}\CDRorcid{0000-0001-5399-6292}}
\address{University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia}
\email[C. Simmons]{Craig.Simmons@newcastle.edu.au}

\author{\firstname{Pierre} \lastname{Ribstein}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-1710-8267}}
\addressSameAs{2}{Sorbonne Universit\'{e}, UMR METIS, Paris, France}
\email[P. Ribstein]{pierre.ribstein@sorbonne-universite.fr}

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\xsection{}

{Great scientists are sometimes excessively modest, and ostentatious
marks of appreciation may embarrass them. This special issue of
\textit{Comptes Rendus G\'{e}osciences} was initially thought as a
hydrogeological firework launched by former students and current
friends and colleagues of Professor Ghislain de Marsily to honour his
multifaceted achievements and talents. 

However, because we do not want to embarrass him more than strictly
needed with our expressions of gratitude and admiration, we tried in
this editorial to do so with as much discretion as we could. A recent
biographical note by \citet{Simmons2021} has already discussed the career,
scientific contributions and international recognition of Ghislain de
Marsily. These are not repeated here.

Inverse methods are the focus of several papers of this special issue:
\citet{WhiteLavenue2023} review the \textit{Pilot Point Method} for
model inversion and uncertainty quantification, which has become a
reference in the domain of inversion for groundwater modelling. 
\citet{Judaetal2023} compare several stochastic inversion methods, using a
synthetic example (a pumping test in a fluvial channelized aquifer).
\citet{Ackereretal2023} discuss the difficulties that occur during the
identification of aquifer heterogeneity using inverse methods and
underline how seminal ideas introduced by Ghislain de Marsily helped
address key inversion issues (stabilization of the inverse problem and
parsimonious reproduction of the natural heterogeneity of the
subsurface). \citet{Delayetal2023} also investigated the flow inversion
issue, adopting a geophysical point of view with information produced
by a seismic survey: they compare inverted hydraulic conductivity maps
with the distribution of porous bodies identified by seismic data, and
discuss the disappointing lack of a match. They end up questioning the
idea of guiding conventional inversions with a geophysically-based
prior guess of the subsurface structure.

Several papers deal with catchment-scale hydrology: \citet{OudinLalonde2023} 
present an attempt to parameterize the effect of land use within
a\break ``Budyko-type'' hydrological formula. Using a worldwide set of more
than 5000 catchments, they show a clear modulation of land use on
evapotranspiration, suggesting larger and lower evaporation rates over
croplands and urban areas respectively. \citet{Mathevetetal2023}
present a diagnosis tool (a modification of the classical Taylor
diagram) to analyze simulation results over large catchment sets to
simultaneously visualize several error components. \citet{Kilicetal2023}
presents an attempt to jointly model water and energy fluxes for the
entire Seine catchment, both for surface- and groundwater.


Long-term observatories are also dealt with in this special issue:
\citet{Chabauxetal2023} use the Strengbach Critical zone observatory
(France), integrating petrological and hydrogeological information from
boreholes and piezometers, to characterize water circulation channels
at the catchment scale.


Aquifer properties are addressed in several of the papers:
\citet{Dumontetal2023} present work on the Andesitic volcanic
hydrosystems of Indonesia, using electrical resistivity tomography to
characterize the aquifer and further parameterize the hydrological
model structure. \citet{Malardetal2023} present a flow animation module
(FAM) designed to increase the understanding of dynamic hydrogeological
processes within a web-based modelling tool called Visual KARSYS.
\citet{Jostetal2023} present their investigations relative to the link
between gravel pit lakes and aquifers: they detail a gravel pit lake
module developed for the CaWaQS modelling platform, which they test
against the LAK package of Modflow.
}

In order to better understand how aquifers and rivers interact during
extreme events, \citet{PelletierAndreassian2023} study how yearly
extremes of groundwater level and streamflow time series are related,
using a large set of catchments and piezometers: the result is an
aquifer typology, which distinguishes between aquifers that demonstrate
correlations between groundwater level and streamflows only with
high-flow events, only with low flows, with both types of events or
with none of them.

New numerical approaches to characterize aquifers are investigated by
\citet{LeMoine2023}, who presents a method for interpolating the
elevation between talwegs using the Analytic Element Method and
discusses a new index named \textit{Height Above the Basal Envelope
Surface of Talwegs (HABEST)} to characterize groundwater levels at
catchment scale. \citet{Zimmeretal2023} present a retrospective
analysis of the development of the theory of subsurface drainage,
showing how a parsimonious parameterization of the physical system was
sufficient for predicting the dynamics of subsurface drain flow rates.
\citet{Goncalvesetal2023} propose a conceptual model for the
hydrogeological functioning of the Tindouf Aquifer, which spreads over
Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania and Western Sahara (a region of lifelong
interest for Ghislain de Marsily), building upon geomorphological,
geological and hydrological remotely sensed and ground observations.
Last, \citet{Schafmeister2023} looks at aquifers from the radioactive
waste repository point of view (which was also a topic of major
interest for Ghislain de Marsily) and describes the current strategy in
Germany, as well as the mistakes made in the seventies.


{During the last decade, the issue of Water Security has been a topic of
major interest for Ghislain de Marsily, and it is thus natural to see
several related papers in this special issue: \citet{BillenGarnier2023}
discuss the concept of water-agro-food system, first at the scale of
the Seine basin, then enlarging it to the national, European and global
scales. They couple it to the Riverstrahler model, in order to
simultaneously address issues of food production, river water quality
and nutrient delivery to the coastal zone. \citet{Meybecketal2023}
describe the work undertaken since 1989 in the framework of the
interdisciplinary PIREN-Seine research program, combining historical
river fluxes, material flows, river ecology, environmental history and
political ecology. Last, \citet{Coudrainetal2023} discuss the
Anthropocene concept, which tends to move science towards action, in
order to actively promote solutions that adapt to changes.


Evaluation of hydrogeological models is a domain were Ghislain de
Marsily had a remarkable contribution, being himself involved 30 years
ago in the ``impossible validation'' controversy, which
\citet{Andreassian2023} revisits insisting on the necessity to look at
the issue from two complementary points of view: model's explanatory
power (theoretical content) and the point of view of its predictive
power.

Modelling the impact of climatic changes is the topic of several of the
contributions of this special issue. \citet{Autinetal2023} use a
distributed energy-balance model to reconstruct the maximum extent of a
tropical glacier during the Little Ice Age in the late 17th century,
using physically coherent climate scenarios constrained by information
taken from\break paleoclimate proxies and sensitivity studies of past glacier
advances. Their results highlight the importance of the seasonal
pattern of precipitation to permit the existence of these glaciers.

An analysis of the complex interaction of water quality and climatic
changes is proposed by \citet{Gascuel-Odouxetal2023}, who propose a
retrospective analysis based on data from European observatories. They
argue for the need of a coupled approach because water quality
integrates current and past (legacy) conditions, flow pathways, and
biogeochemical reactivity. \citet{BesbesChahed2023} discuss the
predictability of water resources (blue and green water) made directly
with Global Climate Models (GCMs), in the case of Northern Tunisia. The
authors argue that the use of the raw GCMs predictions on large basins
is possible with precisions comparable to what can be obtained with
Regional Climate Models in medium size basins.

Runoff and the specificities of its generation in Sahelian landscapes
is addressed by two papers dealing with the possible impact of climate
change in Burkina Faso: \citet{Yonabaetal2023} use the Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to evaluate possible future changes in
surface runoff in the Tougou catchment, paying special attention to the
possible interactions between future climate changes and land use
changes. \citet{Tirogoetal2023} focus on the impacts of climate change
and pumping on groundwater in the Kou catchment: they show that the
observed decrease in groundwater levels is due to the combined effect
of precipitation deficits and increased\break pumping.

Submarine springs and karsts are discussed by \citet{Fleuryetal2023},
who analyze issues for the conservation of the water resources in
coastal karst aquifers: they show that the possibility of natural
seawater intrusion makes these aquifers particularly fragile, with the
combined effect of the increase of sea level, that of more frequent and
severe droughts, and that of an increase in withdrawals from aquifers
for urban development. \citet{Sanzetal2023} analyze the controversy on
the possible salinization mechanisms for coastal brackish springs
(which present the puzzling characteristic to be able to discharge high
flow rates with significant salinities at elevations of several meters
above sea level). They show that spring salinity is mostly controlled
by the weight of the water column flowing towards the spring mouth (for
low flow rates) and by energy dissipation (for high flow rates).
\citet{Labatetal2023} analyse a long-discharge time series available at
an hourly time step for the Baget karstic spring (French Pyrenees). The
analyses confirm the multiscale nature and the non-stationarity of the
hydrological response. Last, \citet{Vasseur2023} present a geothermal
analysis of the Lez karstic spring (located near Montpellier, France):
temperature measurements made above and below the underground karst
network allow building a model to estimate the amount of geothermal
energy captured by the flow system.


In the field of Geostatistics, four contributions are presented: first,
\citet{Noetinger2023} presents a study dealing with the upscaling of
random fields, for improving quantitative hydrogeological predictions.
He discusses how upscaling techniques allow lowering the dimension of
the parameter space and, in the stochastic case, reduce the interaction
between the conductivity spatial distribution and the flow pattern.
\citet{Chihietal2023} present a geostatistical analysis of a multiscale
groundwater reservoir system, combining geological--geophysical
investigations, geostatistics, and 3D geological modelling in the
Jeffara basin of southeast Tunisia. The behaviour of a complex
heterogeneous lacustrine carbonate formation in Argentina is modelled
by \citet{Telesetal2023}, using a bi-variate plurigaussian
geostatistical method to constrain the porosity simulation. Last,
\citet{deFouquetetal2023} discuss the cokriging of transmissivity using
head measurements and show that the estimation is improved in
comparison with the case of head data from a single flow.


Little would have been achieved without a deep understanding of
geology: First, \citet{Ledouxetal2023} examine chemical osmosis
mechanisms and their impact on a collapsed salt cavity: the goal is to
understand the mechanisms likely to generate salt fluxes towards
surrounding aquifers and to allow the establishment of brine and
dissolved salt balance. \citet{Davyetal2023} focus on fractured rock
aquifers and propose three scale-independent indicators describing the
fundamental characteristics of the flow/permeability relationship.

Yearning for the end of this already-too-long editorial, it seems
natural to allocate these last lines to thank all the participants of
this special issue for their enthusiasm, as well as the editorial team
of the \textit{Compte Rendus G\'{e}osciences}, who helped us achieve
what we believe is a well-deserved tribute to our great colleague,
friend, researcher and teacher, who has had a lasting impact on
Geosciences over at least half a century.
}

\section*{Conflicts of interest}
Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

\back{}

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\refinput{crgeos20230594-reference.tex}

\section*{Appendix}

This appendix lists (in alphabetic order) the original works of
Ghislain de Marsily which were cited by the papers in this special
issue. This list is obviously not an exhaustive one, and is only aimed
at providing a rapidly accessible account of Ghislain de Marsily's
scientific production.
\medskip

\setlength{\leftskip}{1em}%
\setlength{\parindent}{-\leftskip}
%\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont

Ahmed, S., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Talbot, A. (1988). Combined use of
hydraulic an electrical properties of an aquifer in a geostatistical
estimation of transmissivity. \textit{Groundwater}, 26(1), 78--86.

Arfib, B. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2004). Modeling the salinity of an
inland coastal brackish karstic spring with a conduit-matrix model.
\textit{Water Resour. Res.}, 40(11), article no. W11506, 1--10.

Arfib, B., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Ganoulis, J. (2002). Les sources
karstiques c\^{o}ti\`{e}res en M\'{e}diterran\'{e}e: \'{e}tude des
m\'{e}canismes de pollution saline de l'Almyros d'H\'{e}raklion
(Cr\`{e}te), observations et mod\'{e}lisation. 
\textit{Bull. Soc. G\'{e}ol. France}, 173(3), 245--253.

Cacas, M.~C., Ledoux, E., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., Barbreau, A.,
Calmels, P., Gaillard, B., and Magritta, R. (1990). Modeling fracture
flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network: calibration and
validation. 2. The transport model. \textit{Water Resour.
Res.}, 26(3), 491--500.

Cacas, M.~C., Ledoux, E., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., Tillie, B., Barbreau,
A., Durand, E., Feuga, G., and Peaudecerf, P. (1990). Modeling fracture
flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network: calibration and
validation. 1. The flow model. \textit{Water Resour. Res.}.
26(3), 479--489.

Castro, M.~C., Goblet, P., Ledoux, E., Violette, S., and \textbf{de
Marsily}, G. (1998). Noble gases as natural tracers of water
circulation in the Paris Basin: 2. Calibration of a groundwater flow
model using noble gas isotope data, \textit{Water Resour.
Res.}, 34(10), 2467--2483.

Chihi, H., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., Belayouni, H., and Yahyaoui, H.
(2015). Relationship between tectonic structures and hydrogeochemical
compartmentalization in aquifers: Example of the ``Jeffara of
Medenine'' system, south--east Tunisia. 
\textit{J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud.}, 4(part B), 410--430.

Chihi, H., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., Bourges, M., and Sbeaa, M. (2016).
A constrained geostatistical approach for efficient multilevel aquifer
system characterization. \textit{J. Water Resour. Hydraul. Eng.}, 5(3), 80--95. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1978). De l'identification des syst\`{e}mes
hydro-g\'{e}ologiques. \textit{Th\`{e}se de doctorat d'Etat de l'Universit\'{e}
Pierre et Marie Curie}, Paris.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1980). Introduction. In: \textbf{de Marsily},
G. and Merriam, D. F., editors, (1982). \textit{Predictive Geology with
Emphasis on Nuclear-Waste Disposal}, pages xi--xv. Pergamon Press,
England.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1982). Predictive Geology---with emphasis to
nuclear waste disposal. In: \textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Merriam, D. F.,
editors, \textit{Proceedings IAMG at 26th IGC Paris 1980}, Pergamon
Press, Oxford, UK. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1986). \textit{Quantitative Hydrogeology}, page 440.
Academic Press, New York.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1994). Quelques r\'{e}flexions sur
l'utilisation des mod\`{e}les en hydrologie. [Tribune libre].
\textit{Rev. Sci. Eau/J. Water Sci.}, 7(3), 219--234.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2003). Perspective importance of the
maintenance of temporary ponds in arid climates for the recharge of
groundwater. \textit{C. R. Geosci.}, 335, 933--934.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2007). An overview of the world's water
resources problems in 2050. \textit{Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol.}, 7,
147--155.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2008). Eau, changements climatiques,
alimentation et \'{e}volution d\'{e}mographique. \textit{Rev. Sci. Eau}, 21(2), 111--128.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2009). \textit{L'eau, un tr\'{e}sor en partage}. Dunod,
Paris.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2020). Will we soon run out of water?
\textit{Ann. Nutr. Metab.}, 76(1), 10--16. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Tardieu, B. (2018). \textit{Strat\'{e}gie
d'utilisation des ressources du sous-sol pour la transition
\'{e}nerg\'{e}tique fran\c{c}aise : les m\'{e}taux rares}, 
Acad\'{e}mie des Sciences, Acad\'{e}mie des Technologies, Paris, France,
\url{https://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Rapports-ouvrages-avis-et-recommandations-de-l-Academie/utilisation-des-ressources-du-sous-sol-pour-la-transition-energetique.html}.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Abarca-del-Rio, R. (2016). {Water and food in
the twenty-first century. In: \textit{Remote Sensing and Water Resources}, 
pages 313--337. Springer, Cham.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Besbes, M. (2017). Les Eaux~souterraines. In:
\textit{``Annales Des Mines - Responsabilit\'{e} et Environnement'', 2017/2
B\textdegree 86}, pages 25--30. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Chabaux, F. (2020). Des g\'{e}osciences aux
sciences de la Plan\`{e}te / From Geoscience to Sciences of the Planet.
\textit{C. R. G\'{e}osci.}, 352, 1--6. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Combes, P., and Goblet, P. (1992). Comment on
``Ground-water models cannot be validated'', by L.~F. Konikow and J.~D.
Bredehoeft. \textit{Adv. Water Resour.}, 15, 367--369.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Delay, F., Gon\c{c}alv\`{e}s, J., Renard, Ph.,
Teles, V., and Violette, S. (2005). Dealing with spatial heterogeneity.
\textit{Hydrogeol. J.}, 13, 161--183.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Delay, F., Teles, V., and Schafmeister, M.~T.
(1998). Some current methods to represent the heterogeneity of natural
media in hydrogeology. \textit{Hydrogeol. J.}, 6, 115--130.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Delhomme, J.~P., Coudrain-Ribstein, A., and Lavenue,
A.~M. (2000). Four decades of inverse problems in hydrogeology. In:
Zhang, D. and Winter, C.~L., editors, \textit{Theory, Modeling, and Field
Investigation in Hydrogeology: A Special Volume in Honor of Shlomo P.
Neuman's 60th Birthday}, 
Geological Society of America Special Paper 348, pages 1--17. Boulder, Colorado. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Delhomme, J.-P., Delay, F., and Buoro, A.
(1999). Regards sur 40 ans de probl\`{e}mes inverses en
hydrog\'{e}ologie. \textit{C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIA Earth Planet. Sci.}, 329(2), 73--87. 

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Lallier-Verg\`{e}s, E. (2015). Les recherches
sur l'eau: de nombreux d\'{e}fis pour l'avenir. In: \textit{L'eau \`{a}
d\'{e}couvert}, \'{e}ditions du CNRS, pages 320--321.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Lavedan, G., Boucher, M., and Fasamino, G.
(1984). Interpretation of interference tests in a well field using
geostatistical techniques to fit the permeability distribution in a
reservoir model. In: \textit{Geostatistics for Natural Resources
Characterization}, pages 831--849. NATO advanced Study Institute.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G., Ledoux, E., Levassor, A., Poitrinal, D., and 
Salem, A. (1978). Modelling of large multilayered aquifer systems: theory
and applications. \textit{J.~Hydrol.}, 36, 1--34.

\textbf{de Marsily}, G. and Besbes, M. (2017). Les eaux souterraines.
In: \textit{Responsabilit\'{e}s et Environnement, 2017/2 (N\textdegree
86),} pages 25--30.

Dieng, B., Ledoux, E., and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1990). Palaeohydrogeology of
the Senegal sedimentary basin: a tentative explanation of the
piezometric depressions. \textit{J. Hydrol.}, 118, 357--371.

Emselem, Y. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1971). An automatic solution for
the inverse problem. \textit{Water Resour. Res.}, 7(5), 
1264--1283.

Fleury, P., Bakalowicz, M., and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2007). Submarine
springs and coastal karst aquifers: A review. \textit{J. Hydrol.}, 339,
79--92.

Fleury, P., Bakalowicz, M., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Cortes, J.~M.
(2007). Functioning of a coastal karstic system with a submarine
outlet, in southern Spain. \textit{Hydrogeol. J.}, 16(1), 
75--85.

Garnier, J., Meybeck, M., Ayrault, S., Billen, G., Blanchoud, H.,
Carr\'{e}, C., Flipo, N., Gasperi, J., Lestel, L., \textbf{de Marsily},
G., Mouchel, J.~M., Servais, P., and Tales, E. (2022). Continental Atlantic
rivers: the Seine basin. In: Tockner, K., Zarfl, C., and Robinson, C.~T.,
editors, \textit{Rivers of Europe}, pages 291--330. Elsevier, 2nd edition.

Lavenue, A.~M., RamaRao, B.~S., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Marietta,
M.~G. (1995). Pilot point methodology for automated calibration of an
ensemble of conditionally simulated transmissivity fields: 2.
Application. \textit{Water Resour. Res.}, 31(3), 
495--516.

Lavenue, M. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2001). Three-dimensional
interference test interpretation in a fractured aquifer using the pilot
point inverse method. \textit{Water Resour. Res.}, 37(11),
2659--2675.

Ledoux, E., Girard, G., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., Villeneuve, J. P., and
Deschenes, J. (1989). \textit{Spatially Distributed Modeling:
Conceptual Approach, Coupling Surface Water and Groundwater}, 
pages 435--454. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Matheron, G. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1980). Is transport in porous
media always diffusive? a counterexample. \textit{Water Resour. Res.},
16(5), 901--917.

Meybeck, M., Fustec, E., and \textbf{de Marsily}, G., 1998. \textit{La Seine en son
bassin: fonctionnement \'{e}cologique d'un syst\`{e}me fluvial
anthropis\'{e}}, page 736. Elsevier, Masson. 

RamaRao, B.~S., Lavenue, A.~M., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Marietta,
M.~G. (1995). Pilot point methodology for automated calibration of an
ensemble of conditionally simulated transmissivity fields: 1. Theory
and computational experiments. \textit{Water Resour. Res.},
31(3), 475--493.

Renard, P. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1997). Calculating equivalent
permeability: a review. \textit{Adv. Water Resour.}, 20(5),
253--278.

Rousseau-Gueutin, P., Love, A.~J., Vasseur, G., Robinson, N.~I., Simmons,
C.~T., and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (2013). Time to reach near-steady state
in large aquifers. \textit{Water Resour. Res.}, 49, 6893--6908.

Schafmeister, M.-Th. and \textbf{de Marsily}, G. (1994). The influence of
correlation length of higly conductive zones in alluvial media on the
transport behavior. In: Dracos, T. and Stauffer, S., editors, \textit{Transport and
Reactive Processes in Aquifers}, pages 171--176. Balkema, Rotterdam. 

Teles, V., Bravard, J.-P., \textbf{de Marsily}, G., and Perrier, E. (2001).
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