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\DOI{10.5802/crgeos.237}
\datereceived{2022-12-02}
\datererevised{2023-03-13}
\dateaccepted{2023-09-12}
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Period & \multicolumn{3}{c}{2011/2015 25 projects (321 words)} & 
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General thematics & Some words used in title & 
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\begin{noXML}

%\makeatletter
%\def\TITREspecial{\relax}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@english{Human Environment Observatory}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@french{Observatoire Homme Milieu (OHM)}
%\makeatother

\shortrunauthors

%OHMi Estarreja
\title{OHMi Estarreja: an ecosystem highly anthropized where
contamination is the unifying element towards interdisciplinarity}

\alttitle{OHMi Estarreja : un \'{e}cosyst\`{e}me fortement
anthropis\'{e} o\`{u} la contamination est l'\'{e}l\'{e}ment fondateur
vers l'interdisciplinarit\'{e}}


\author{\firstname{Jean-Philippe} \lastname{Bedell}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-0276-3111}\IsCorresp}
\address{Univ Lyon, Universit\'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France}
\email[J.-P. Bedell]{bedell@entpe.fr}


\author{\firstname{Anne-Marie} \lastname{Guihard-Costa}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-7123-5013}}
\address{UMR 8045, BABEL (CNRS/Universit\'{e} Paris Cit\'{e}), IML, 2 Place Mazas, 75012 Paris, France}
\email[A.-M. Guihard-Costa]{am.guihard@wanadoo.fr}


\author{\firstname{Cristiana} \lastname{Paiva}\CDRorcid{0000-0003-4277-2212}}
\address{Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal}
\address{GreenUPORTO, Campus de Vair\~{a}o, Rua da Agr\'{a}ria 747, 4485-646 Vair\~{a}o, Portugal}
\email[C. Paiva]{cristiana.pgpaiva@fc.up.pt}


\author{\firstname{Diogo} \lastname{Machado}\CDRorcid{0000-0003-3096-8840}}
\address{Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal}
\address{CIIMAR, Novo Edif\'{i}cio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\~{o}es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal}
\email[D. Machado]{up201704480@edu.fc.up.pt}


\author{\firstname{Anabela} \lastname{Cachada}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-3377-9300}}
\addressSameAs{3}{Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal}
\addressSameAs{6}{CIIMAR, Novo Edif\'{i}cio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\~{o}es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal}
\email[A. Cachada]{acachada@fc.up.pt}


\author{\firstname{Carla} \lastname{Patinha}\CDRorcid{0000-0001-6006-344X}}
\address{GEOBIOTEC, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal}
\email[C. Patinha]{cpatinha@ua.pt}


\author{\firstname{Nuno} \lastname{Dur\~{a}es}\CDRorcid{0000-0003-2834-043X}}
\addressSameAs{7}{GEOBIOTEC, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal}
\email[N. Dur\~{a}es]{nunoduraes@ua.pt}


\author{\firstname{Ana Catarina} \lastname{Sousa}\CDRorcid{0000-0001-6424-7414}}
\address{Department of Biology and Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \'{E}vora, 7002-554 \'{E}vora, Portugal} 
\email[A. C. Sousa]{acsousa@uevora.pt}


\author{\firstname{Anne-Ga\"{e}lle} \lastname{Beurier}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-9839-1323}}
\address{Universit\'{e} Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, CREDA et Aix-Marseille Universit\'{e}, LPED, France}
\email[A.-G. Beurier]{anne-gaelle.beurier@hotmail.fr}


\author{\firstname{Eduardo} \lastname{Ferreira da Silva}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-3019-8471}}
\addressSameAs{7}{GEOBIOTEC, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal}
\email[E. Ferreira da Silva]{eafsilva@ua.pt}


\keywords{\kwd{Bibliography}
\kwd{Environment}
\kwd{Health}
\kwd{Pollutions}
\kwd{Projects}
\kwd{Risk assessment}
\kwd{Society}}

\altkeywords{\kwd{Bibliographie}\kwd{Environnement}
\kwd{Sant\'{e}}\kwd{Pollutions}\kwd{Projets}\kwd{\'{E}valuation des risques}
\kwd{Soci\'et\'e}}



\begin{abstract}
The Estarreja area (North of Portugal) has been subject to intense
industrial pollution and host the second largest chemical industry
complex in the country, which produced mainly ammonium sulphate, nitric
acid and ammonium nitrate, but also synthetic resins. The CNRS'
Human--Environment International Observatory of Estarreja
(OHMi Estarreja) aims to study the multiple effects of this industrial
activity on the man-environment relationship, considering the temporal
dimension, marked by changes in industrial practices. Another
OHMi Estarreja originality is that human health projects are being
carried out at the local level, under a double geochemical and
socio-behavioral approach. Lastly, the Estarreja region is also part of
one of the most important wetland ecosystems from Portugal, the Baixo
Vouga Lagunar. This area is highly vulnerable and currently faces a set
of natural and anthropogenic pressures. The overall interdisciplinary
understanding of the risk induced by the chemical complex was possible
by several complementary approaches: (a) spatial-temporal evolution of
the contamination level, (b) health studies of the Estarreja
population, and (c) societal changes in Estarreja area. The results
showed a complex relationship between industrial pollution and health
risks. During these first 10 years of OHMi existence, the
bibliographic research as well as the study of the titles of the funded
projects clearly show the interdisciplinarity in place to address this
complex issue of human--environment interactions.
\end{abstract}


\begin{altabstract}
La r\'{e}gion d'Estarreja (nord du Portugal) a \'{e}t\'{e} soumise
\`{a} une intense pollution industrielle et a accueilli le deuxi\`{e}me
plus grand complexe d'industrie chimique du pays, qui produisait
principalement du sulfate d'ammonium, de l'acide nitrique et du nitrate
d'ammonium, mais aussi des r\'{e}sines synth\'{e}tiques. L'Observatoire
International Homme-Environnement d'Estarreja (OHMi Estarreja) du
CNRS a pour objectif d'\'{e}tudier les effets multiples de cette
activit\'{e} industrielle sur la relation homme-environnement, en
prenant en compte la dimension temporelle, marqu\'{e}e par
l'\'{e}volution des pratiques industrielles. Autre originalit\'{e} de
l'OHMi Estarreja, des projets de sant\'{e} humaine sont men\'{e}s au
niveau local, selon une double approche g\'{e}ochimique et
socio-comportementale. Enfin, la r\'{e}gion d'Estarreja fait
\'{e}galement partie de l'un des \'{e}cosyst\`{e}mes de zones humides
les plus importants du Portugal, le Baixo Vouga Lagunar. Cette zone est
tr\`{e}s vuln\'{e}rable et fait actuellement face \`{a} un ensemble de
pressions naturelles et anthropog\'{e}niques. La compr\'{e}hension
globale et interdisciplinaire du risque induit par le complexe chimique
a \'{e}t\'{e} possible gr\^{a}ce \`{a} plusieurs approches
compl\'{e}mentaires : (a) l'\'{e}volution spatio-temporelle du niveau
de contamination, (b) les \'{e}tudes sur la sant\'{e} de la population
d'Estarreja, et (c) les changements soci\'{e}taux dans la r\'{e}gion
d'Estarreja. Les r\'{e}sultats ont montr\'{e} une relation complexe
entre la pollution industrielle et les risques pour la sant\'{e}. Au
cours des dix premi\`{e}res ann\'{e}es d'existence de l'OHMi, la
recherche bibliographique ainsi que l'\'{e}tude des titres des projets
financ\'{e}s montrent clairement l'interdisciplinarit\'{e} mise en
place pour traiter cette question complexe des interactions entre
l'homme et l'environnement.
\end{altabstract}

\maketitle


\vspace*{14pt}

\twocolumngrid

\end{noXML}


\section{Estarreja Chemical Complex (ECC) industries (history, production)} 

Estarreja is a municipality of about 27,000 inhabitants with an area of
108.40~km$^2$, located nearby the largest brackish water lagoon in
Portugal (Ria de Aveiro---Central Region of Portugal)
(Figure~\ref{fig1}). The Ria de Aveiro is an ecologically rich
environment, a natural habitat for many aquatic and terrestrial
species, and is defined as a Special Protection Area under the European
Directive for the protection of birds \citep{ELA2013}. Despite the
significant urbanization of the region, a rural character, marked by
agricultural activity and diversified fishing activity in the lagoon
and in the sea, persists.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics{fig01}
\vspace*{-2pt}
\caption{Location (A), geological (B) and land-use (C) maps of the OHMi area from 
\citet{CabralPintoetal2018}.\label{fig1}}
\vspace*{-2pt}
\end{figure*}

Since the early 1950s, the Estarreja Chemical Complex (ECC), has an
intense industrial activity with negative impacts on air, soil,
sediment, surface water and groundwater. Notwithstanding, population
historically relies on groundwater as a source of water supply for
human, cattle, and agricultural uses.

During five decades, the liquid effluents from the Estarreja Chemical
Complex (ECC) were discharged to the Ria de Aveiro lagoon or deposited
in evaporation ponds, through open channels and pipelines 
\citep{CostaJesusRydin2001}. These effluents were rich in
benzene, monochlorobenzene, mononitrobenzene, aniline, methanol,
hydrocarbons, mercury, arsenic, zinc, lead, chlorides, sodium,
sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, nitrophenols, formaldehyde and aniline
\citep{CostaJesusRydin2001,Ordens2007}. Solid wastes were also
deposited for decades, without waterproofing, in three different parks:
(1) around 5 ha containing 300,000~t of calcium hydroxide sludges with
small amounts of carbide and acetylene impurities resulting from the
vinyl chloride monomer manufacturing; (2) around 60,000~t of sludges
rich in mercury, sodium chloride, calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate,
magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and iron resulting from chlorine
and caustic soda production; and (3)~around 150,000~t of sludge rich in
arsenic, mercury, zinc, copper, vanadium, and iron resulting from the
treatment of pyrites \citep{CostaJesusRydin2001,Ordens2007}. In
addition to the identified contaminants, many others were present in
raw materials (as principal product or as co-contaminants) or could be
produced as by-products or may even result from degradation of major
contaminants. Some of these were identified (e.g.,
polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)) 
\citep{CostaJesusRydin2001,Ordens2007,Cachadaetal2012,Griloetal2013,Nunesetal2013},
but many others could be\break unknown. 


Since the implementation of the project ERASE (concluded in 2005),
which included the construction of a landfill for the pyrite residues
and contaminated sludges, together with the improvements of waste
management and of the industrial processes, and concomitantly to the
existence of legislation and a more restrict control of it, it would be
expected that releases of contaminants from the ECC have been
decreased. However, recent studies still report signs of contamination
in the area, which are likely to be related with the legacy left by
past management measures 
\citep{Cachadaetal2012,Marquesetal2018,CabralPintoetal2020a,CabralPintoetal2020b}. 


Despite the several studies performed in the last~decades to evaluate
the organic and inorganic contamination of different compartments on
the terrestrial environment nearby the ECC, such as:\unskip\break atmosphere
\citep{BorregoPio1991,Nunesetal2013}, groundwater 
\citep{Barradasetal1992,Reisetal2009,Marquesetal2018,CabralPintoetal2020b},
soil 
\citep{Barradasetal1992,CostaJesusRydin2001,Cachadaetal2012,Anjumetal2013,Coelhoetal2018,CabralPintoetal2020a}, 
street
dusts \citep{Patinhaetal2015a,Patinhaetal2015b,MarinhoReisetal2018}, and biota
\citep{CabralPintoetal2020b,Reisetal2009,Anjumetal2013,Coelhoetal2018},
a clear picture of the current situation is still missing. Indeed, a
holistic risk assessment analysis for this area has never been done.
Even though studies are increasingly comprehensive and
interdisciplinary, most of them are still focused on a specific
question, sometimes limited to only one matrix and to a small area,
resulting in scattered data. Indeed, this is a very complex problem
since several issues must be considered, i.e., the
environmental compartments affected, the types of contaminants present
(with different behavior, sources, and pathways), the land uses and
receptors affected and the legacy \textit{vs} current emissions.




\section{Genesis of OHMi Estarreja}

We approach the very tough complexities of extensively anthropized
ecosystems whose understanding demands interaction between the full
range of environmental sciences, from geology, life up to social
sciences.  \citet{Chernokian2021} described it well and underlined that
interdisciplinarity is a structural constraint in such observatories. 
Thus, a comprehensive interdisciplinarity facility within the French
CNRS was implemented since 2007 to address with this situation: the
Human--Environment Observatories (Observatoires hommes-milieux, OHMs).
Thus, the OHMs are dedicated to the study of heavily anthropized sites
hit by a ``disrupting event'', which has disturbed the ecological,
economic and social balances that have developed over decades in the
local socio-ecological conditions.

In this context, the OHMi Estarreja researches done in this area
previous to 2010, were focused on the impact of the industrial activity
on the geochemical aspects of contamination 
\citep{Halletal1985,Halletal1987,PioAnacleto1988,Pioetal1989,Barradasetal1992,Inacio1993,Tavares1995,Pereiraetal1998,Cachadaetal2009}.
Studies regarding the relationship between industrial activities,
populations, their health status, and biological ecosystems remained in
an early state. In fact, a comprehensive vision of the multiple impacts
of the industrial complex was lacking. Thus, the human factor can no
longer be considered either as a variable that distorts a natural
ecosystem, or as a component of a socio-ecosystem in which an
``anthroposystem'' interacts with a natural biophysical ``ecosystem''. It
must be seen as one of the components of a single ecosystem, in which
the anthropic interacts directly with the abiotic and the biotic to
constitute what we will call a Single EcoSystem (SES) 
\citep{Chernokian2021}. \mbox{Moreover,} each of the studies was limited in
time, and~not allowed the understanding of the qualitative evolution of
human--environment relations over several decades. The ``public health''
dimension seemed particularly neglected.

At this stage the binary relationship between anthropogenic
contamination and health appeared too simplistic to account for the
complexity of the balances between the industrial complex, humans, and
the fragile surrounding environment. The need of interdisciplinary
inputs and contributions from the social and health sciences was
obvious to enlarge the scope of the research carried out in Estarreja.
The French Observatoire Hommes-Milieux of Estarreja International
(OHMi Estarreja) was created~by the CNRS~in March 2010,
and~co-constructed with Portugal (U. Aveiro researchers) and France
(University of Paris cit\'{e}, Babel researchers) in March 2010.
Initially structured around the two teams that initiated the program:
the UPR 2147 of the CNRS and the Department of Geosciences of the
University of Aveiro, the OHMi very quickly involved other departments
of this university (Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Land
Management) and the Research Institutes GEOBIOTEC and CESAM, as well as
several French research units, notably linked to the OHM Bassin Minier
de Provence\break (OHM BMP).

The OHMi Estarreja initially focused on questions concerning the
overall interdisciplinary understanding of the risk induced by the ECC,
which was possible by several complementary approaches: (a)
spatial-temporal evolution of the contamination level, (b) health
studies of the Estarreja population, and (c) societal changes in
Estarreja area (Figure~\ref{fig2}). The results already achieved showed
a complex relationship between industrial pollution and health risks.
This does not depend exclusively on the environmental concentration of
contaminants, but also on multiple factors that includes domestic
(water use) and agricultural (crops cultivation and consumption), and
practices that are influenced by the risk perception (variable within
the population), based on studies at the local level, and as close as
possible to the population. In order to understand the relevance of the
factors that control the effects of environmental contaminants on human
health (such as, concentration and bioavailability of contaminants,
diet and lifestyle, age and gender, individual biological
susceptibility, etc.), the OHMi Estarreja approach has been
multidisciplinary from the beginning, with: (a) the collection of
different types of geochemical data concerning the concentration,
distribution and variation over time of potential toxic elements to
humans; (b) eco-biological data concerning the accumulation and
persistence of pollutants in the animal and plant biological chains;
(c) medical data (biological analyses, prevalence rates of different
diseases, morbidity and mortality rates); and (d) sociological data
(lifestyles, dietary habits, family structure and risk perception).
Another specificity of this approach was considering the long-term
(more than two decades), which is rare in impact studies of industrial
contamination. The access to retrospective data, both geochemical
(previous work of colleagues from the University of Aveiro), and
medical (national statistics and local databases) allowed to constitute
a solid base of information on which our own work could be based.
\looseness=1


\begin{figure}
{\vspace*{5pt}}
\includegraphics{fig02}
{\vspace*{5pt}}
\caption{Present OHMi Estarreja structure axis around several major
research areas.\label{fig2}}
{\vspace*{3pt}}
\end{figure}


Thus, knowledge of contamination as well as the impact of them on,
notably, health for the population and the remediations done were in
fact some backgrounds of the birth of OHMi Estarreja.

Moreover, from the beginning, entities of the civil society were
involved in the studies of the OHMi Estarreja, such as, the Health
Center of Estarreja depending on the Ministry of Health, the
Environmental Service of the Estarreja Municipality and the PACOPAR
(the Community Advisory Panel of Estarreja's Responsible
Care\tsup{\text{\textregistered}} Programme---a group of entities that act in
commitment with the local community to improve Estarreja's life
quality, applying the commitments of Responsible
Care\tsup{\text{\textregistered}}).


\section{Development and evolution of the OHMi Estarreja}

\vspace*{-1pt}

From the first studies, the ecological, economic, and social balances
that have developed over decades at the local socio-ecological level
progressively led to the structuring of the OHMi around several major
research axes, each axis corresponding to a level of integration of the
disciplines involved (Figure~\ref{fig2}).


The methodology of the research areas have been listed and schematized
in Figure~\ref{fig2} in order to clarify and help the management of the OHMi
without forgetting think in a Global Ecology (an understanding from the
interactions of all environmental sciences).
\begin{itemize}
\item  The first research axis is the spatial and temporal estimation
of environmental contamination. This axis is fundamental and
constitutes the scientific base on which the other studies carried out
within the OHMi are based. It essentially calls upon the skills of
geochemists as well as some remediation techniques and constitutes the
first level of study in the OHMi;
\item  The second axis concerns the health of populations in the
Estarreja region. It links data on anthropogenic contamination with
health biological and/or medical data;
\item  The third axis is related with the observed modifications of
the terrestrial and lagoon ecosystems, notably the Baixo Vouga lagunar,
in connection with the different human activities. It calls upon the
work of biologists, but also researchers in human sciences (work on
land use), and integrates the geochemical data of the first axis;
\item  Finally, a fourth research axis concerns the societal changes
in the Estarreja region. It includes the economic and demographic
evolutions on the long-term, as well as the changes in lifestyles
during the last decades, in connection with the variations of the
industrial activity.
\end{itemize}

Different projects have allowed the OHMi to put forward this
interdisciplinarity and this ``interactive/interdisciplinary'' vision of
contamination in the SES Estarreja.

The progressions, both in terms of structuring of the research in the
OHMi and of the selected projects, gave rise to participative
interactions with the population (actions with schoolchildren,
information meetings), and offered to the local private or
institutional actors (municipalities, industries, etc.) a scientific
evidence base that decision-makers can consider. The influence of the
OHMi's work is not always visible, with imperatives other than
scientific (social, economic) being put forward by decision-makers. But
the regular dissemination of scientific results to decision-makers
allows and modifies their relationship to socio-environmental issues.

The initial OHMi core has expanded to other Portuguese institutions
(Universities of Coimbra, Lisbon, Porto, among others) and French teams
(University of Marseille-Aix, University of Montpellier, etc.) as the
OHM's research area has expanded. Since 2019, the Observatory is
jointly led by the Department of Geosciences of the University of
Aveiro and the UMR 5023 LEHNA (University of Lyon).

{\vspace*{-2pt}}

\section{Estarreja's projects: a way to illustrate the
interdisciplinary Observatory development between SES studies}

{\vspace*{-2pt}}

From the beginning until 2020, the OHMi Estarreja has financed a
total of 62 research projects. Considering its main research axis, we
are going to present the publications, as well as a focus on the words
of all project titles, supported by OHMi Estarreja. These approaches
can illustrate the OHMi evolution, but also the continuous focus on
the contamination and health risk in a such anthropo-ecosystem.

{\vspace*{-2pt}}

\subsection{A zoom on the @10 years of OHMi: data compilation for a holistic environmental and human health risk assessment}

{\vspace*{-2pt}}

This project objective was to identify relevant scientific papers
published in the last decade and review what is known about
contaminants, areas of concern and potential risks to the environment
and human health. At the end it was expected to identify knowledge gaps
(e.g., matrixes that need to be further evaluated,
compounds that need to be studied and exposures that need to be
characterized).

{\vspace*{-2pt}}

\subsubsection{Methods}
The bibliographic search was first conducted in Scopus with the
keywords ``Estarreja AND (contamin* OR pollut*)''. In addition, the
OHMi \mbox{Estarreja} collection of HAL-Archive ouverte was also consulted.
Two-time frames were considered: before and after 2010. For the
selection of the papers the following criteria was used: present new
data about contaminants for at least one of the terrestrial matrixes
considered (air, soil, dusts, groundwater, stream sediments, and human
biological samples); present a clear localization of the study area;
perform an evaluation of levels found and/or identification of
contamination sources.

\subsubsection{Main results obtained}
Despite the high number of studies related with the ECC contamination
problems performed in the last decades, most of them were focused on
the nearby lagoon, which was the final sink of the contaminated
effluents. Indeed, a simple Scopus search with the keywords ``Ria de
Aveiro AND (contamin* OR pollut*)'' came out with 185 results published
since 1989, whereas using the keywords ``Estarreja AND (contamin* OR
pollut*)'' resulted in 50 publications (with six of them being related
with the lagoon). Thus, it is evident that the terrestrial environment
is much less studied than the aquatic. 

Thirty papers with relevant data about contaminant's levels in
Estarreja terrestrial environment, published since 1989, were
identified (after bibliographic search and cross-referencing). Most of
them related with soil contamination, followed by levels of
contamination in plants (including crops) and human biological samples
(Figure~\ref{fig3}). 

\begin{figure}
{\vspace*{3pt}}
\includegraphics{fig03}
{\vspace*{3pt}}
\caption{Number of papers published since 1989 for each matrix
selected.\label{fig3}}
{\vspace*{3pt}}
\end{figure}

For the other matrixes less than six papers have been published, with
data about contaminant's levels in soil organisms being presented only
in one paper. Looking to the data by period (before and after 2010),
one can conclude that in the first 20 years research was focused on
soil contamination and groundwater, whereas in the last decades several
studies have been more dedicated to human health effects or matrixes
that can directly affect it. 


In Table~\ref{tabI} it is presented a summary of the selected studies
published in the last 10 years. 



\begin{table*}
\fontsize{9.6}{11.52}\selectfont
\tabcolsep=3pt
\caption{Relevant scientific papers containing data of contaminant's
levels in different environmental compartments of Estarreja area,
published since 2010 and ordered by date\label{tabI}}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\thead
Area &  
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering Sampling date} & Land use & Matrix & 
\parbox[t]{1.5cm}{\centering No samples} & 
Contaminants & References \\
\endthead 
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering ECC vicinity; steiro} &
n/a &
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Industrial; Riverbank} &
Soil; Plants & 4 & Zn & (1) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Urban area; ECC vicinity} &
n/a &
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Agricultural; Urban} &
Soil & 26 &
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering  As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, PAHs, PCBs} & (2) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Vala de S. Filipe} &
n/a & Agricultural & Soil; Plants & 12 & 
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering  As, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn} & (3) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  ECC vicinity (100~km$^{2}$)} &
2012 &
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Industrial; Forest; Urban; Traffic; Rural} 
& Air & 128 & NO$_{2}$, 17 VOCs & (4) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  ECC vicinity (20~km$^{2}$)} &
2011 & Agricultural & Soil; Crops & 26 &
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering  As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn} & (5, 6) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Urban area; ECC vicinity} &
n/a & Urban & Dust & 21 & 
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering  Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn} & (7, 8) \\
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Urban area; ECC vicinity} &
n/a & Urban & Dust; Toenails & 18; 30 & 
 Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn & (9, 10) \\ 
ECC vicinity & n/a & n/a & Urine & 103; 31 & 
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering  Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn} & (11) \\ 
ECC vicinity & n/a &
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering  Agricultural; Industrial; Forest; Prairie} & 
Soil; Earthworms & 4 &
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn} & (12) \\ 
ECC vicinity & 1989--2016 & n/a & Groundwater & n/a & 
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering Fe, Cl, Mn, SO$_{4}$, Zn} & (13) \\ 
ECC vicinity & n/a & n/a & Fingernail & 58 & 
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn} & (14) \\ 
ECC vicinity & n/a & n/a & Hair & 79 &
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb} & (15) \\ 
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering ECC vicinity and background} & 2013 & n/a & 
\parbox[t]{2cm}{\centering Groundwater; Hair; Urine} &
19 $+$ 75 $+$ 103 &
\parbox[t]{2.5cm}{\centering Al, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn} & (16) 
\botline 
\end{tabular}
\tabnote{(1) \citet{Moreiraetal2011}; (2) \citet{Cachadaetal2012}; 
(3) \citet{Anjumetal2013}; (4) \citet{Nunesetal2013}; 
(5) \citet{CabralPintoetal2020a}; (6) \citet{Inacioetal2014}; 
(7) \citet{Patinhaetal2015a}; (8) \citet{Patinhaetal2015b};
(9) \citet{MarinhoReisetal2018}; (10) \citet{Reisetal2015};
(11) \citet{CabralPintoetal2018}; (12) \citet{Coelhoetal2018};
(13) \citet{Marquesetal2018}; (14) \citet{CabralPintoetal2019a}; 
(15) \citet{CabralPintoetal2019b}; (16) \citet{CabralPintoetal2020b}.}
\end{table*}





Results show that, with exception of the atmospheric compartment,
studies were mainly focused on inorganic contaminants, with only one
study presenting data for two groups of organic contaminants (PAHs and
PCBs) in soils. Other limitations are related with the fact that in
several cases the sampling date is not known and most of the studies
are focused on a restricted area, with a limited number of samples.


Soil studies conducted in the last ten years were mostly focused in a
restricted area or in specific locations, previously identified as
contaminated. Indeed, from the six studies published after 2010
(Table~\ref{tabI}), only three gave a broader picture of the spatial
distribution of contaminants, even that the study of
\citet{Cachadaetal2012} was more focused on the urban area and the ones
from \citet{Inacioetal2014} and \citet{CabralPintoetal2020a,CabralPintoetal2020b}, which are
related to the same sampling campaign, had a higher intensity of
sampling points nearby the ECC. Despite this, the median values
observed for the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) studied in both
areas are\unskip\break similar. 


From PTEs evaluated, it was possible to identify the following
contaminants of potential concern for this area: As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and
Zn. \citet{Cachadaetal2012} also refer the polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs)
as a group of concern. These studies indicate that median
concentrations of PTEs are relatively low in the study areas and cannot
be considered a concern, comparing for example with the soil quality
guidelines for protection of human health from Canada
\citep{CabralPintoetal2020a}, or with the Netherland Target Values
\citep{Cachadaetal2012}, or even with the recently proposed reference
values for Portugal \citep{APA2019}. 


However, these studies refer a high variability of results and the
presence of some hotspots of {contamination,} in which levels clearly
exceed the reference values. These hotspots are especially located
nearby Vala de S\~{a}o Filipe and values as high as
6746~mg${\cdot}$kg$^{-1}$ for As, 1592~mg${\cdot}$kg$^{-1}$ for Cu,
170~mg${\cdot}$kg$^{-1}$ for Hg,  1295~mg${\cdot}$kg$^{-1}$ for Pb, and
1485~mg${\cdot}$kg$^{-1}$ for Zn, have been reported
\citep{Anjumetal2013}. Since soils from Estarreja region are sandy
soils, acidic to neutral, with low contents of organic matter 
\citep{Cachadaetal2012,Inacioetal2014}, there is a risk of elements
transfer in the soil--water-plant system, which is of special concern
in these areas with high levels of contaminants. Nevertheless, less
than 1~km away from Vala de S. Filipe levels decrease between 20 and
370 times \citep{Anjumetal2013}. This is in accordance with what is
known about the waste disposal management practices in the past, that
leave a legacy regarding the contamination of the channels used to
transport effluents until Ria de Aveiro. \looseness=-1


Two studies assessed the soil-plant transference and concluded that,
for some plant species, levels of PTEs (namely, Zn, As, Cu, Pb, and Hg)
in aerial parts were above those considered as normal and that turns
them unsuitable for animal consumption 
\citep{Moreiraetal2011,Anjumetal2013}. Nevertheless, these two studies
were conducted in very restricted areas where the hotspots are located,
and they may not be representative.


Another study investigated the concentrations of PTEs in vegetables
(cabbage, tomato, and potato) collected in kitchen gardens/small farms
from the vicinity of the ECC 
\citep{Inacioetal2014,CabralPintoetal2020a}, covering a wider area. The
authors concluded that, despite levels of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn
above the proposed as normal for terrestrial plants, only in 4\% of
cabbage leaves samples the levels of As, Cd and Hg were above (or
within) the limits for human consumption. 


Only one study was focused on the potential adverse effects to soil
biota \citep{Coelhoetal2018} and concluded that there was no
bioaccumulation of the studied PTEs in earthworms. However, despite
being conducted nearby the ECC, the four sites chosen presented low
levels of PTEs and some of the contaminants of concern, such as As and
Hg, were not considered.


Data about groundwater contamination in the last decade is very scarce,
with only two studies published. The study of 
\citet{CabralPintoetal2020b} evaluates the levels of PTEs and reports
median values higher than the aquifer natural background for As and Zn,
but, as observed for soil samples, the data is characterized by a high
variability, with some extreme concentrations that largely exceed these
background values. The authors also compared the obtained values with
several guidelines for human consumption and concluded that despite
median values do not exceed these, there are several hotspots of
contamination, especially for As, Hg and Zn. Similarly, 
\citet{Marquesetal2018}, which performed a temporal evaluation between
1989 and 2016 for some contaminants, observed that the there is a clear
degradation of water quality nearby the channels (Breja and Vala de S:
Filipe).


Regarding air quality, only one study was done, and almost 10 years
ago, but it covered a representative area and an important group of
contaminants, the VOCs, which may have negative human health effects.
In this study, \citet{Nunesetal2013}, concluded that the air quality of
Estarreja region during the spring of 2012 was significantly influenced
by ECC, with the highest concentrations of many VOCs like BTEX and
NO$_{2}$ observed close to its vicinity. Nevertheless, the authors
highlight that other sources contributed as well for the levels of VOCs
and NO$_{2}$ in the area. However, it remains to be understood the
implication of the levels found and the extent to which they may or not
pose any risk to the environment and human health.


The four studies about levels of PTEs in street dusts are related with
two different sampling campaigns (Table~\ref{tabI}). The studies of
\citet{Patinhaetal2015a,Patinhaetal2015b} did not find a clear link
between studied elements and the ECC, but the urban dust samples showed
a clear contribution of traffic-related particles in their composition,
particularly related with brake dusts. \citet{Reisetal2015} and
\citet{MarinhoReisetal2018} could not find a specific anthropogenic
source of PTEs for outdoor dusts. 


Regarding human health studies (human biological samples), 
\citet{CabralPintoetal2018} reported urinary levels of several PTEs
(including As and Hg) and concluded that on average, they exceed those
reported in the literature for healthy people. However, looking to the
median values it is of note that, with exception of Al, Cd, Mn, and Zn,
they fall within the expected range of values. In another study 
\citep{CabralPintoetal2020b} the same authors showed the results by
localities and it was observed that levels of PTEs found in urine were
quite variable, and different elements had different trends showing
that the origin and exposure pathway could be different for each
element.


Levels of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in toenails were assessed in two studies
\citep{Reisetal2015,MarinhoReisetal2018} and concluded that the exposed
group (27 individuals living nearby the ECC) are similar to the ones
determined in toenails of the non-exposed participants (3 individuals).
However, levels of Pb and Zn were slightly higher than the ranges found
for healthy people available from the literature. On the other hand,
\citet{CabralPintoetal2019a} concluded that PTEs contents (including Hg
but not~As) in~\mbox{fingernails} of Estarreja group fall within the range of
values reported in the literature for non-exposed people. However, for
Hg, levels in the study group were above the mean content found for
non-exposed population. Similar results were observed by the same
authors \citep{CabralPintoetal2019b,CabralPintoetal2020b} for hair
samples. Moreover, some extremely high levels of As in inhabitants hair
living closer to ECC and in areas where the hotspots of groundwater
contamination were observed \citep{CabralPintoetal2020b}, warning that
this issue should be further investigated.


\subsubsection{Conclusion in the context of OHMi}
The existence of sites with concentrations above the recommended value
for soils, crops, and groundwater, especially for pollutants such as
As, Hg and Pb, can represent a potential risk to the ecosystem and to
human health. Indeed, some studies tried to predict the potential risks
for human health, based on existing risk models and concluded that they
may exist. Nevertheless, these models have to be used with care, and
the following issues should be considered in the future: the use of
specific input parameters for the local populations; the
source--receptor pathway for each land use/matrix; the physical--chemical
properties of contaminants, especially speciation studies of As and Hg,
since highly influence their toxicity. Indeed, data related with human
biological samples does not clearly point to the existence of a problem
for human health, despite the levels of Hg and As found suggest that
their source--pathway--receptor route should be investigated. The
apparent contradiction obtained between risk models and data from human
biological samples or even plants/crops may be related to the fact that
highly contaminated areas are restricted to a very specific and small
area and therefore do not have a major impact on human health.
Moreover, the groundwater is not likely to be used for human
consumption, even that it could be used to irrigation purposes.
Nevertheless, all these issues should be taken into consideration in
future studies.


Despite the paradigm shift since the implementation of OHMi, work has
still to be made. In order to have a comprehensive overview of the
contamination problematic it would be important to obtain updated data
about the distribution of contaminants of concern, since the most
recent data for soils and groundwater have almost ten years. It would
be of great importance to have spatial distribution maps covering a
wide area, in order to identify clearly the areas of concern (based for
example on guideline values) and manage them accordingly. It is also
crucial to identify the organic contaminants of concern (if there are).
After identifying the most problematic areas, a specific risk
assessment should be performed, considering the receptors at risk and
the specific routes of exposure. 

\subsection{OHMi-funded projects analyzed over 10 years: an
illustrative approach through the study of project titles highlighting
the founding element of contamination related to human--environment
interactions} 


An observatory is a privileged tool for monitoring a territory both
spatially and temporally. Research through the titles of the research
programs financed by the observatory allows us to highlight the axes
put forward by the scientific committee of the observatory during the
annual calls for projects, but also the ``heart'' of the socio-ecosystem
and its ``founding event''.


The objective of this study was to identify relevant words in the
projects' title in the last decade and listed what word was used about
contaminants, areas of concern and potential risks to the environment
and human health. At the end it was expected to identify if some of
them was more or less present and/or if some new word was detected
(that is to say new thematic and/or area of investigation).



\subsubsection{Methods}
This analysis of the words in the project's titles was also gathered
over two periods, a first from 2011 to 2015 (Figure~\ref{fig4}a) and a
second from 2016 to 2020 (Figure~\ref{fig4}b). Approximately 321 words
were gathered for the 2011--2015 period (${=}$25 projects), whereas for
the 2016--2020 period 333 words were found (${=}$37 projects). From these
words we have performed ``word clouds'' using the software
Iramutec\tsup{\text{\textcopyright}}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace*{2pt}
\includegraphics{fig04}
\vspace*{2pt}
\caption{(a) Graphic representation of the cloud of words contained in
the titles of funded projects and their frequency (the bigger the most
cited) for the period (a) 2011 to 2015. (Iramuteq\tsup{\text{\textcopyright}}; $n$
total word $=$ 321); (b) for the period 2016 to 2020.
(Iramuteq\tsup{\text{\textcopyright}}; $n$ total word $=$ 333).\label{fig4}}
\vspace*{2pt}
\end{figure}

To make a ``Word cloud'' with the corpus of project titles between 2011
and 2020; the variable used *year; lemmatization performed. From each
word the active forms were excluded (e.g., with, of, at, from). Some
project titles were in French or Portuguese (as~Baixo, complexo\,{\ldots}
or agriculture, sol, etc.), appeared also in the figure~\ref{fig4} and
were pooled with similar English words (Table~\ref{tabII}). Each word
was listed and~grouped together according to the general thematic or
meaning (Table~\ref{tabII}). Thus, with words by ``themes'' or
``affinities/meaning'' (Table~\ref{tabII}) such as the
environment or the link with humans, we \mbox{gathered} 61.6 and 62.8\% of all
the words forming the titles of funded projects respectively for the
first and second periods.

\subsubsection{Main results obtained}
The word cloud, from all the projects over the 10 years, showed the
word ``Estarreja'', but also ``health'' and ``human'' as well as to a
less extent ``contamination'' or ``contaminant'', and also ``soil(s)'',
``Aveiro'', ``risk'' and ``assessment'' 
(Figure~\ref{fig4}).


Other words associated with ``local/spatial specificity'' such as
``\textit{lagunar}, \textit{baixo} or \textit{complexo} or
type of pollutants'', such as arsenic and organic as well as
``approaches/types/objects of study'' such as pulmonar, monitoring,
temporal or evolution were also commonly found.



The obtained word cloud illustrates well the intersection of questions
and research topics addressed between environmental sciences, in
particular via historical chemical contamination, and the specific
lagoon ecosystem (Ria de Aveiro) as well as the study of societies and
health. 


The observatory is indeed a territory, particularly when the words
``Estarreja'' and/or ``Aveiro'' are found in the project titles. These
two words (and their equivalents/synonyms, see Table~\ref{tabII}) stand
out in the two sequences analyzed (Figure~\ref{fig4};
Table~\ref{tabII}). Thus, they are used 15 and 17 times for Estarreja
and 9 and 10 times for Aveiro, respectively for 2011/2015 and
2016/2020, i.e.\ between 7.5 and 8\% of all words illustrating
the strong link of the SES specific\break localization.


In the first studied period (Figure~\ref{fig4}a), the titles of the
projects express an important part to the human, to the risks and its
evaluation as well as to the toxicological approaches, or on the
bioaccumulation but also of pollutants of which arsenic. We can also
notice the words related to health such as pulmonary and diseases
linked to indoor/outdoor and environment. If we gather the words of the
titles related to a ``health'' theme (such as food, diet, harmful,
etc.; see Table~\ref{tabII}), we will notice that it is the theme which
gathers the most words on this first period of projects with 22
elements. The next two themes, very close, are those related to
contamination and health with 20 and 19 words, respectively
(Table~\ref{tabII}). Finally, after the group related to the
spatialization of the studies (Estarreja, Aveiro\,\ldots) we find a group
of words related to risk and its evaluation (rank 5;
Table~\ref{tabII}). 
\pagebreak


\begin{sidewaystable}[t!]
\vspp
\caption{Grouping of the words from the titles of funded projects by
OHMi Estarreja in different general thematics over two periods:
2011/2015 and 2016/2020\label{tabII}}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccc}
\thead
Period & \multicolumn{3}{c}{2011/2015 25 projects (321 words)} & 
\multicolumn{3}{c}{2016/2020 37 projects (333 words)} & \xmorerows{1}{Evol}  \\
\cline{2-4}\cline{5-7}
General thematics & Some words used in title & 
NP & RT & Some words used in title & NP & RT & \\ 
\endthead
\morerows{4}{Spatial}  & 
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering Estarreja, d'Estarreja, OHM, ROHM\,\ldots} 
& 17 & 4 &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Estarreja, ESTarreja, Estarreja/Aveiro, OHM} 
& 15 & 5 & $\approx$ \\
&\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Aveiro, region, area, city, \textit{ville}, municipal, municipality, Beduido-estarreja, district} 
&  \09 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Aveiro; city, region, area, Aveiro, Murtosa} 
&  10 &  & $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Laguna, Vouga, Baixo, \textit{Ria}, BioRia, wetlands} 
&  10 &   & 
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  \textit{Ria}; Baixo; lagunar; Vouga; saltmarsh} 
&  10 &   & $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Complexo, quimico, fabricas, \textit{complexe chimique}, \textit{l'usine}} 
&  \07 &   & 
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Industrialiezed, fabrica, factory, COPD, complex, \textit{qu\'{i}mico}, \textit{complexo}} 
&  12 &   & ++ \\
&\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Environnemental, ambient, ambiental, ecosystem, anthropoecosystem} 
&  12 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Envionnement, ambient, \textit{ambiental}, climate, environmental} 
&  \08  &  &  - \\ 
Temporal &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering \textit{Etude}, retro-observation, study, \textit{ann\'{e}es},
year/ans, \textit{historique}, monitoring, progression, evolution,
\textit{archives}, \textit{actuelle}, seasonal} 
&  12 &   
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Years, \textit{vie}, \textit{vida}, temporal, study, spatio-remporal,
short-term, attenuate, resilience, past, long-term, life,
\textit{histoire}, decades, chronic, monitoring, journal,
\textit{narrativas}} 
&  19 &  2 & ++ \\ 
Contamination 
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering   Contamination, contaminants, contaminated, \textit{compos\'{e}s}, polluants, plume, dust} 
&  20 &  2 
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Contamination, contaminants, contaminated, levels, particulate, sources, elements} 
&  16 &  4 & - \\ 
\morerows{1}{Typology of contaminants}  &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Organic, organique, carbon}  
&  \06 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Organic, HAPs, carbon, lipid, \textit{microplastique}} 
&  \05 &   & $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  MTES (Hg, Ars, PTEs, inorganic, \textit{mercure}\,\ldots} 
&  \07 &   & Inorganic, As, Hg, metal,  &  \04 &   & - \\ 
Health 
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Health, diseases, \textit{sant\'{e}}, antibiotic,
\textit{alimentaire}, food, diet, dietary, harmful; home dust;
neurodegenerative, maternal fetal, pulmonary, urinaires, reproductive,
oral, inhalation} 
&  22 &  1 
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Respiratory, reproduction, pulmonary, placenta-fetal, patient,
nutrition, microrespira, health, heavily, diseases, reproductive, lung,
parturient, atherosclerosis, immunomodulation,}\vspace*{2pt} 
&  20 &  1 & $\approx$ \\ 
\splittabular
Human  
&\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Human (man/woman/humanized/families; education; social, women,
female, \textit{travailleurs}, \textit{enfants})} 
&  19 &  3 
&\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Human, citizen, civil, community, female, \textit{homme}, men,
population, portugueses, \textit{trabalhadores}, social} 
&  15 &  5 &    - \\
\morerows{6}{Subjects of study}  &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering Soil (soils, \textit{sol}, \textit{sols}, regosol, anthroposols)} 
&  \03 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering Soil, soils, regosol, anthroposol}
&  17 &  3 & +++ \\
& Plant &  \01 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Seagrass, zostera, salicornia, rice, ramossisima, plants, halophyte} 
&  \07 &   &    ++ \\
&\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Animal, prey predator, vertebrate} &
\04 &   &  &  \00 &   &     \\
& Microbial &  \00 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Microbial, microbiotA, microbial-laden, micro-organism} 
&  \06 &   &    ++ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Agricultural, \textit{agriculture}, \textit{agricole}} 
&  \03 &   & 
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Agricultural, \textit{agriculture}, No-tillage, meadow, cultivated, farming} 
&  \08 &   &    + \\
& air, marsh, landscape &  \04 &   & Air, Paddies, salt marsh &  \03 &   &    $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Eaux, wetlands, aquifer, rainwater, river, souterraines, sea, ground level} 
&  10 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Irrigation, water, rainwater, sea, groundwater, freshwater} 
&  \07 &   &    - \\ 
Risk assesment &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Risk, \textit{risque}, risks, assesment, \textit{\'{e}valuation}} 
&  15 &  5 &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Assessment, risk, evaluation, effects, impact, \textit{risques}} &
12 & & $\approx$ \\ 
\morerows{3}{Disciplinary/approaches}  
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  \textit{\'{e}cotoxicologie}, \textit{toxicologie}, toxicity, ecotoxicological} 
&  \03 &   & Ecotoxicology, toxic  &  \02 &   &    $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Bioaccessibility/transfer, mobility} &
\05 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Metabolic, bioavailability, remobilization} 
&  \04 &   &    $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Geochemical, geochemistry, geostatistic, geophysic, mineralogical} 
&  \05 &   &
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Ecological, geochemical, genomic, physical} &
\04 &   &    $\approx$ \\
& \parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary} &
\01 & & 
\parbox[t]{6cm}{\centering  Bioremediation, phytochemical based, phytoremediation, remediation, restoration,}  
&  \05 & \vspace*{4pt}  &    + \\ 
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Total of words: 198 words/321} 
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Total of words: 209/333} &        \\ 
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percentage: 61.6\%} 
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percentage: 62.8\%} &      
\botline
\end{tabular}
\tabnote{(${\approx}$: no thematic evolution between
the two periods; +, ++, +++: illustrates an increase in this thematic
between the two periods; -: illustrates a reduction of the thematic
between the two periods).}
\tabnote{RT: Rank of the thematic; NP: Number of presences; Evol:
Evolution; \textit{In italic word in French or Portuguese}.}
\end{sidewaystable}
\clearpage


Therefore, during this first period, the projects and studies
logically focused on the founding and/or structuring element of the
observatory and therefore on the contamination of this region, the
health of its inhabitants and the impact on society.


On the second period studied (2016--2020), the projects selected remain
focused on the Observatory site (Estarreja, complex), but this time,
contamination and soils stand out as strong elements (Figure~\ref{fig4}b).


There is also a diversity and a focus on certain environments such as
``laguna, Baixo and Vouga'', as well as a temporal dimension in the
studies with the words monitoring and temporal. Finally, microbiology
and the study of microorganisms are apparent (Figure~\ref{fig4}b). The
grouping of words related to a health theme remains a priority, but
with a greater and more precise diversity (in terms of disease or
approaches taken, for example, with the words atherosclerosis or
placenta-fetal; Table~\ref{tabII}). Finally, the second most present
theme is clearly that of temporality, particularly in terms of studies
or research on the history of the complex or approaches on the scale of
monitoring/measurement over several years (Table~\ref{tabII}). Finally,
the theme of ``soil'', particularly in terms of anthropic
characterization, emerged during these years. Words related to
contamination are also still present, although slightly decreasing in
project titles with 16 words over this period, while those related to
human decreased more noticeably with 15 words (Table~\ref{tabII}).

During this second period, studies were more focused on contamination
and health but were often more precise in terms of sites, or matrix
study as soils, or also disease typologies for example, as well as
considering time on effects, risks, and evolutions.


\subsubsection{Conclusion in the context of OHMi}


We can see both an evolution of certain themes or objects of study but
also on the overall conservation of the human--environment interface.


As it can be expected, the projects are still very much focused on the
site and its region, with the ``health'' theme in the first place for
both periods, and well linked to the founding element (the chemical
complex and the contamination that resulted from it). The human element
is always at the heart of the studies. The strong points are often an
integrative, and interdisciplinary approach and a time frame (long time
frame that makes it possible to come back to several questions/studies
over time periods of up to 10 years). The various annual calls for
projects have been careful to highlight certain new approaches (for
example, by focusing one year on the human sciences and the history of
the chemical complex, or on microbiology or toxicology studies) but
also by maintaining the link with the founding and structuring element
of the observatory. These projects respond well to societal issues and
illustrate good integration into the territory. The 62 projects funded
highlight the desired interface between environmental sciences, health,
and society.

\section{Conclusions of OHMi Estarreja}


The OHMi interdisciplinary approach to assess the health risks
related to the ECC has benefited from a solid geochemical background on
the area of Estarreja. 


The participation of different teams from different universities with
strong scientific background and field experience in Estarreja has been
a major advantage, as well as the participation of representatives of
civil society and industry. Another originality was to address health
issues at the local level, under a double geochemical and
socio-behavioural approach. The results already achieved show a complex
relationship between industrial pollution and health risk. Further
studies on PTEs speciation, as well as on biological individual
responses to contamination or particularities of family lifestyles
should be carried out in order to confirm or infirm this relationship
between health, contamination and\break socio-ecosystem.

Looking to the data by period (before and after 2010), one can conclude
that in the first 20 years research was focused on soil contamination
and groundwater, whereas in the last decades several studies have been
more dedicated to human health effects or matrixes that can directly
affect it. In the two studies (bibliography and words in titles),
different time periods were analyzed: while the first study,
``bibliography'', was conducted for the periods before and after 2010,
the study of ``word's titles'' was focused only after 2011 due to the
time after the creation (in march 2010) and the first call of project
the year after (in 2011). Probably this can explain differences found
but also that in the near future more publications related to the
topics identified in the last period will be expected.


Nevertheless, contamination is the structuring and unifying element of
numerous studies and projects with a Portuguese specificity in terms of
financing (few internal resources of its own) and the participation of
laboratories or research centers that are often already
multidisciplinary. The observatory thus becomes an object of study
focused on the territory, its population (and therefore its health) and
its contamination. The number of publications and projects submitted to
each project call (some of which were financed by the Observatory) is
an illustration of a dynamic and a desire to promote and communicate on
this research.


Special attention should be paid to past and present evolution of the
relationships between Estarreja population and its environment. The
risk perception evolution, the economic crisis, the climate change, are
likely to induce modifications in the local ecosystem, and consequently
in the welfare of the population. The OHMi Estarreja gives the
opportunity to catch, in a dynamic way, the adaptive pathways of the
population--environment relationships.


\section*{Declaration of interests} 
The authors do not work for, advise, own shares in, or receive funds
from any organization that could benefit from this article, and have
declared no affiliations other than their research organizations.


\section*{Acknowledgments}

This work was carried out within the framework of the OHMi Estarreja
and (co)funded by the LabEx DRIIHM, French programme ``Investissements
d'Avenir'' (ANR-11-LABX-0010), which is managed by the ANR''. Further
financial support was provided by the project on Joint Usage/Research
Centre---Leading Academia in Marine and Environmental
Research (LaMer), Ehime University, Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT). The authors acknowledge
also the University of Aveiro, the Municipality of Estarreja, PACOPAR,
and the Health Centre of Estarreja for all the support given to the
OHMi Estarreja. This research was also supported by national funds
through FCT---Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope
of: UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020; UIDB/05748/2020 and
UIDP/05748/2020; UID/{\ubreak}GEO/04035/2020 and through individual financing to
AC (CEECIND/00058/2017). ND thanks also the
Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) his working
support by national funds (OE) in the scope of the framework contract
foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law
57/2016, August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, July 19.

\CDRGrant[ANR]{ANR-11-LABX-0010}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{UIDB/04423/2020}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{UIDP/04423/2020}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{UIDB/05748/2020}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{UIDP/05748/2020}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{UID/GEO/04035/2020}
\CDRGrant[FCT]{CEECIND/00058/2017}

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