Plan
Comptes Rendus

Reply to the comment by A. Revil on “Review of Self-potential methods in Hydrogeophysics” by L. Jouniaux et al. [C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009) 928–936]
[Réponse au commentaire par A. Revil sur « Revue des méthodes de potentiel spontané en hydrogéophysique » par L. Jouniaux, et al. [C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009) 928–936]]
Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, Volume 342 (2010) no. 10, pp. 810-813.
Métadonnées
Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002

Laurence Jouniaux 1 ; Alexis Maineult 2 ; Véronique Naudet 3, 4 ; Marc Pessel 5 ; Pascal Sailhac 1

1 UMR7516, CNRS, institut de physique du Globe de Strasbourg, université de Strasbourg (EOST), 5, rue Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
2 UMR7154, CNRS and PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, institut de physique du Globe de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
3 Laboratoire GHYMAC-EA 4134 (géosciences hydrosciences matériaux constructions), université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
4 BRGM (French Geological Survey), 45060 Orléans, France
5 UMR 8148 CNRS, laboratoire IDES, université de Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
@article{CRGEOS_2010__342_10_810_0,
     author = {Laurence Jouniaux and Alexis Maineult and V\'eronique Naudet and Marc Pessel and Pascal Sailhac},
     title = {Reply to the comment by {A.} {Revil} on {{\textquotedblleft}Review} of {Self-potential} methods in {Hydrogeophysics{\textquotedblright}} by {L.} {Jouniaux} et al. {[C.} {R.} {Geoscience} 341 (2009) 928{\textendash}936]},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. G\'eoscience},
     pages = {810--813},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {342},
     number = {10},
     year = {2010},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002},
     language = {en},
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Laurence Jouniaux
AU  - Alexis Maineult
AU  - Véronique Naudet
AU  - Marc Pessel
AU  - Pascal Sailhac
TI  - Reply to the comment by A. Revil on “Review of Self-potential methods in Hydrogeophysics” by L. Jouniaux et al. [C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009) 928–936]
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Géoscience
PY  - 2010
SP  - 810
EP  - 813
VL  - 342
IS  - 10
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002
LA  - en
ID  - CRGEOS_2010__342_10_810_0
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A Laurence Jouniaux
%A Alexis Maineult
%A Véronique Naudet
%A Marc Pessel
%A Pascal Sailhac
%T Reply to the comment by A. Revil on “Review of Self-potential methods in Hydrogeophysics” by L. Jouniaux et al. [C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009) 928–936]
%J Comptes Rendus. Géoscience
%D 2010
%P 810-813
%V 342
%N 10
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002
%G en
%F CRGEOS_2010__342_10_810_0
Laurence Jouniaux; Alexis Maineult; Véronique Naudet; Marc Pessel; Pascal Sailhac. Reply to the comment by A. Revil on “Review of Self-potential methods in Hydrogeophysics” by L. Jouniaux et al. [C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009) 928–936]. Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, Volume 342 (2010) no. 10, pp. 810-813. doi : 10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.1016/j.crte.2010.07.002/

Version originale du texte intégral

We did not discuss subjects that are still not well understood and still being debated since the title of our article includes the word “review”. We did not review and discuss all aspects of the theoretical background based on microscaled thermodynamics because we focused on field applications in hydrogeophysics. Moreover, we submitted our manuscript in 2008, and thus did not acknowledge any paper published in 2009. However, this comment is of interest because it gives us the opportunity to provide more precision by answering some points.

We agree that there is an increasing number of publications in this field. Recently, electrokinetic models have been proposed for reservoir geophysics and petroleum investigation (Jackson, 2008; Saunders et al., 2008). New applications have also been developed, such as the use of SP measurements in boreholes as an electrical flowmeter (Pezard et al., 2009). Initially, we did not include it, but the electrokinetic coupling is also directly involved in seismoelectromagnetics effects (Bordes et al., 2006; Bordes et al., 2008; Dupuis et al., 2009; Garambois and Dietrich, 2001; Guichet et al., 2006; Jaafar et al., 2009; Strahser et al., 2007). For hydrological applications, it is difficult to infer a steady link between SP intensity and water flux (Darnet and Marquis, 2004; Doussan et al., 2002; Jouniaux et al., 1999) or deformation (Henry et al., 2003; Jouniaux et al., 1994), although some authors have proposed to predict the permeability by using electrokinetic theory (Glover et al., 2006; Glover and Walker, 2009).

We obviously agree that our Eq. (1), which expresses the phenomenological law between fluxes and forces, is valid only close to thermodynamic equilibrium. This has been known for a long time and was already mentioned by Onsager and Nourbehecht (Nourbehecht, 2003; Onsager, 1931). Indeed, these constitutive laws are used by many authors to interpret and to model self-potential observations (Fernández-Martínez et al., in press; Fitterman, 1978; Ishido and Mizutani, 1981; Maineult et al., 2008; Massenet and Ngoc, 1985; Pengra et al., 1999; Sill, 1983; Yoshida, 2001). Far from equilibrium, high-order terms must be considered, but the linear case is sufficient for the interpretation of most of the field situations encountered by hydrogeophysicists. Finally, to our knowledge, A. Revil did not develop any theory describing the constitutive laws valid far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. Indeed, even when A. Revil considers chemical potentials and combines several thermodynamic forces, he uses fluxes related through linear relationships in a symmetric Onsager coupling matrix; this basically follows classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics near equilibrium (de Groot et Mazur, 1984; Diu et al., 2007; Vidal et al., 1994).

The fact that the flow state can affect the streaming potential was shown experimentally before the work cited by A. Revil (his reference Bolève et al., 2007a 4). For instance, an experimental study performed by Watanabe and Katagishi (Watanabe and Katagishi, 2006) on granular materials showed that the fluid flow began to deviate from Darcy's law at a Reynolds number larger than 3, and that streaming potentials began to deviate from the linear relation at larger Reynolds numbers, leading to a lower than expected streaming potential. Another study from Kuwano et al. (Kuwano et al., 2006) showed that the streaming current coefficient (electrokinetic coefficient multiplied by the rock conductivity) was constant at low Reynolds numbers, but decreased at Reynolds numbers larger than 1–10. They showed that this decrease was much smaller than that of permeability, leading to the conclusion that non-linear laminar flow induces more streaming current per unit flow rate. Nevertheless, as stated by Fetter (Fetter, 2001), “under most natural ground-water conditions, the velocity is sufficiently low for Darcy's law to be valid” (with Reynolds numbers of less than 1 to 10). One major exception can be the vicinity of pumping wells (e.g., reference Jardani et al., 2009 of the comment).

We proposed Eq. (5) for the electrokinetic coefficient as a function of the saturation. We wrote precisely: the few observations published up to now [Guichet et al, 2003] showeq. (5). Therefore this equation is based on the observations. The previous sentence was exactly: Based on theoretical considerations it has been proposed (Darnet and Marquis, 2004; Sailhac et al., 2004) that the electrokinetic coefficient is inversely proportional to the effective saturation, which is not the Eq. (5) we proposed, since this equation shows that the electrokinetic coefficient is proportional to the effective saturation. It is true that we referred to an experimental study, which is not verified by the model proposed by A. Revil. The model proposed by A. Revil uses a strong assumption, which is that the volumetric charge density in the water-saturated pore is inversely proportional to the water saturation. However, we do not know if this assumption is valid. The model proposed by A. Revil (in his reference Revil et al., 2007) is able to explain some of his measurements when extrapolating the value of the electrokinetic coefficient at full saturation from values obtained at various saturations using the model that the author wants to prove. However, this model cannot explain the values at full saturation of his measurements, previously published (in his reference Linde et al., 2007), but unfortunately not reported in his last work (his reference Revil et al, 2007). Moreover, other models were proposed for the electrokinetic coefficient as a function of water saturation (Jackson, 2008; Perrier and Morat, 2000; Saunders et al., 2008). Recently, for the first time, an experimental study presented continuous records of the electrokinetic coefficient as a function of water saturation. It showed that the electrokinetic coefficient does not depend monotonously on the saturation (Allègre et al., 2009). Therefore, we still think that further studies are needed in this domain.

We do not challenge the general formulation proposed by A. Revil (his Eq. (1)) for the current densities associated with the chemical potential. However, we point out that this formulation is not easy to use for modelling and interpretation, in particular because the Hittorf numbers depend on the concentration, which can evolve with space and time. The form derived from the well-known generalized ionic diffusion equations underlines more clearly the link between the electrical potential gradient (measured in the field) and its source, i.e., the relative gradient of concentration (to be deduced from the potential gradient). It has been successfully used to explain the response of a NaCl, FeCl2 and KCl front flowing through sand (Maineult et al., 2005; Maineult et al., 2006a; Maineult et al., 2006b).

We would also emphasize that the theoretical foundation of A. Revil's Eq. (5) was first used by Arora et al. (Arora et al., 2007) from an experimental deduction by Naudet et al. (Naudet et al., 2003).

Concerning the inverse problem of SP data, we do not expect great advances from the choice of the optimization method itself. Actually this choice helps, but is not the fundamental issue for breaking the non-uniqueness of solutions: one should improve the accuracy of the data and the accuracy of the theory.

The recent success in connecting SP ground surface measurements to piezometric height is due essentially to the theory (use of Fournier's equation), and only partially results from the choice of the optimization algorithm (“PSO” versus “Simplex”) (Naudet et al., 2008). Indeed, other authors have previously obtained realistic results by solving equations similar to that of Fournier by deconvolution (Birch, 1993; Birch, 1998) or simply by fitting sliding proportionality factors (Aubert et al., 1990; Aubert et al., 1991; Aubert and Atangana, 1996). Besides, using the wavelet method is discussed because this is one step in the improvement of the theory: the relationship between the stream function of groundwater flows and SP analytic signals can be better understood when SP wavelet transforms are used to characterize ground water flow singularities (Sailhac and Marquis, 2001). This also allows one to reduce the non-uniqueness of the inverse problem without the need for classical regularization techniques: Tikhonov's additional terms to the data misfit function actually results in smoother models. Concerning the merit of the cross-correlation approach over wavelet-based techniques, we still invite our colleague to read Gibert and Sailhac (Gibert and Sailhac, 2008): one should not consider these methods as opposed because coefficients of “wavelet” and “cross-correlation” are essentially the same; moreover one should not use the inappropriate expression “tomography of probability” that was introduced by mistake for naming the plots of these coefficients.

Besides, we agree that improvements of SP data inversion will also come from the integration of SP data with different kinds of parameters sensitive to groundwater and more specifically to the electric conductivity tomography; this is the guideline of the work performed at the experimental site of La Soutte (Béhaegel et al., 2005; Sailhac et al., 2009). Nevertheless, we consider that further improvements of the theory are necessary. Although the accuracy of future SP inversion techniques might be improved by a general Bayesian framework, one needs deeper insight into the joint hydro-electric potentials; there is still a number of undefined parameters involved in the joint phenomena of actual ground water flows and electric potentials. It is true that there exist experiments of inversion methods based upon joint hydro-electric modelling tackling hydraulic parameters. Some of these joint inversion methods use analytic formulas (Darnet et al., 2003; Sailhac et al., 2004) or numerical modelling (Minsley, 2007; Pritchett and Ishido, 2005; Sheffer, 2007). There are still limitations related to necessary improvements in modelling the behaviour of the coupling coefficients in real soils, for instance in heterogeneous or unsaturated media, multiphase or multi-fluid flows, and with various dynamics. One still needs further developments and experiments for the theory to improve hydraulic flow accuracy when inverting SP data; this is why we consider that “moving tomography of the electrokinetic source term into the tomography of some hydraulic parameters (…) is the real challenge of the next decade”.

Acknowledgements

This is IPGP contribution no. 3007.


Bibliographie

[Allègre et al., 2009] V. Allègre; F. Lehmann; L. Jouniaux; P. Sailhac; P.D. Matthey Electrokinetics dependence on water-content in sand, NS04, AGU, San Francisco, 2009

[Arora et al., 2007] T. Arora; N. Linde; A. Revil; J. Castermant Non-intrusive characterization of the redox potential of landfill leachate plumes from self-potential data, J. Contam. Hydro., Volume 92 (2007), pp. 274-292

[Aubert et al., 1990] M. Aubert; I.N. Dana; M. Livet Vérification de limites de nappes aquifères en terrain volcanique par la méthode de polarisation spontanée, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II, Volume 311 (1990), pp. 999-1004

[Aubert et al., 1991] M. Aubert; I.N. Dana; J.C. Dupuy Application de la méthode de polarisation spontanée à la découverte des circulations d’eau souterraine en terrain volcanique, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. II, Volume 312 (1991), pp. 325-330

[Aubert and Atangana, 1996] M. Aubert; Q.Y. Atangana Self-potential method in hydrogeological exploration of volcanic areas, Ground Water, Volume 34 (1996), pp. 1010-1016

[Béhaegel et al., 2005] Béhaegel M., Sailhac P., Marquis G., On the use of SP and ERT data to build a simple model of near-surface flow, 11th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics (EAGE), Palermo (2005), 4 p.

[Birch, 1993] F.S. Birch Testing Fournier's method for finding water table from self-potential, Ground Water, Volume 31 (1993), pp. 50-56

[Birch, 1998] F.S. Birch Imaging the water table by filtering self-potential profiles, Ground Water, Volume 36 (1998), pp. 779-781

[Bordes et al., 2006] C. Bordes; L. Jouniaux; M. Dietrich; J.P. Pozzi; S. Garambois First Laboratory measurements of seismo-magnetic conversions in fluid-filled Fontainebleau sand, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 33 (2006), p. L01302

[Bordes et al., 2008] C. Bordes; L. Jouniaux; S. Garambois; M. Dietrich; J.P. Pozzi; S. Gaffet Evidence of the theoretically predicted seismo-magnetic conversion, Geophys. J. Int., Volume 174 (2008), pp. 489-504

[Darnet and Marquis, 2004] M. Darnet; G. Marquis Modelling streaming potential (SP) signals induced by water movement in the vadose zone, J. Hydrol., Volume 285 (2004), pp. 114-124

[Darnet et al., 2003] M. Darnet; G. Marquis; P. Sailhac Estimating aquifer hydraulic properties from the inversion of surface Streaming Potential (SP) anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 30 (2003), pp. 12-21

[de Groot et Mazur, 1984] de Groot S.R., Mazur P., Non-Equilibrium thermodynamics. Corrected republication edition by Dover Publication, New York, 1984; originally published in North-Holland Pub. Co., Dover, Amsterdam, 1962, 510 p.

[Diu et al., 2007] B. Diu; C. Guthmann; D. Lederer; B. Roulet Thermodynamique, Hermann – éditeurs des Sciences et des Arts, Paris, 2007 (730 p)

[Doussan et al., 2002] C. Doussan; L. Jouniaux; J.L. Thony Temporal variations of SP and unsaturated water flow in loam and clay soils: a seasonal field study, J. Hydrol., Volume 267 (2002), pp. 173-185

[Dupuis et al., 2009] J.C. Dupuis; K.E. Butler; A.W. Kepic; D.B. Harris Anatomy of a seismoelectric conversion: measurements and conceptual modeling in boreholes penetrating a sandy aquifer, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 114 (2009), p. B10306

[Fetter, 2001] C.W. Fetter Applied hydrogeology, Macmillan, New York, 2001 (298 p)

[Fitterman, 1978] D.V. Fitterman Electrokinetic and magnetic anomalies associated with dilatant regions in a layered Earth, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 83 (1978), pp. 5923-5928

[Fernández-Martínez et al., in press] Fernández-Martínez J.L., García-Gonzalo E., Naudet V., Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) applied to the solving and appraising the Streaming Potential inverse problem, Geophysics 75(4) August 2010. 10.1190/1.3460842.

[Garambois and Dietrich, 2001] S. Garambois; M. Dietrich Seismoelectric wave conversions in porous media: Field measurements and transfer function analysis, Geophysics, Volume 66 (2001), pp. 1417-1430

[Gibert and Sailhac, 2008] D. Gibert; P. Sailhac Comment on the paper by Jardani, A., Dupont, J.P., Revil, A., (2006), Self-potential signals associated with preferential flow pathways in sinkholes, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 111 (2008), p. B09204

[Glover et al., 2006] P.W.J. Glover; I.I. Zadjali; K.A. Frew Permeability prediction from MICP and NMR data using an electrokinetic approach, Geophysics, Volume 71 (2006), p. F49-F60

[Glover and Walker, 2009] P.W.J. Glover; E. Walker Grain-size to effective pore-size transformation derived from electrokinetic theory, Geophysics, Volume 74 (2009), p. E17-E29

[Guichet et al., 2006] X. Guichet; L. Jouniaux; N. Catel Modification of streaming potential by precipitation of calcite in a sand-water system: laboratory measurements in the pH range from 4 to 12, Geophys. J. Int., Volume 166 (2006), pp. 445-460

[Henry et al., 2003] Henry, P., Jouniaux, L., Screaton, E.J., Hunze, S., Saffer, D.M., 2003. Anisotropy of electrical conductivity record of initial strain at the toe of the Nankai accretionary wedge. J. Geophys. Res. 108, ETG 2-1–ETG-2-12.

[Ishido and Mizutani, 1981] T. Ishido; H. Mizutani Experimental and theoretical basis of electrokinetic phenomena in rock-water systems and its applications to geophysics, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 86 (1981), pp. 1763-1775

[Jaafar et al., 2009] M.Z. Jaafar; J. Vinogradov; M.D. Jackson Measurement of streaming potential coupling coefficient in sandstones saturated with high salinity NaCl brine, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 36 (2009), p. L21306

[Jackson, 2008] M.D. Jackson Characterization of multiphase electrokinetic coupling using a bundle of capillary tubes model, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 113 (2008), p. B04201

[Jouniaux et al., 1994] L. Jouniaux; S. Lallemant; J.P. Pozzi Changes in the permeability, streaming potential and resistivity of a claystone from the Nankai prism under stress, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 21 (1994), pp. 149-152

[Jouniaux et al., 1999] L. Jouniaux; J.P. Pozzi; J. Berthier; P. Massé Detection of fluid flow variations at the Nankai Trough by electric and magnetic measurements in boreholes or at the seafloor, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 104 (1999), pp. 29293-29309

[Kuwano et al., 2006] O. Kuwano; M. Nakatani; S. Yoshida Effect of the flow state on streaming current, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 33 (2006), p. L21309

[Maineult et al., 2005] A. Maineult; Y. Bernabé; P. Ackerer Detection of advected concentration and pH fronts from self-potential measurements, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 110 (2005), p. B11205

[Maineult et al., 2006a] A. Maineult; Y. Bernabé; P. Ackerer Detection of advected, reacting redox fronts from self-potential measurements, J. Contam. Hydro., Volume 86 (2006), pp. 32-52

[Maineult et al., 2006b] A. Maineult; L. Jouniaux; Y. Bernabé Influence of the mineralogical composition on the self-potential response to advection of KCl concentration fronts through sand, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 33 (2006), p. L24311

[Maineult et al., 2008] A. Maineult; E. Strobach; J. Renner Self-potential signals induced by periodic pumping tests, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 113 (2008), p. B01203

[Massenet and Ngoc, 1985] F. Massenet; P.V. Ngoc Experimental and theoretical basis of self-potential phenomena in volcanic areas with reference to results obtained on mount Etna, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., Volume 73 (1985), pp. 415-429

[Minsley, 2007] Minsley B.J., Modeling and inversion of Self-Potential data, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (2007) 251 p.

[Naudet et al., 2003] V. Naudet; A. Revil; J.-Y. Bottero; P. Bégassat Relationship between self-potential (SP) signals and redox conditions in contaminated groundwater, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 30 (2003), p. 2091

[Naudet et al., 2008] V. Naudet; J.L. Fernández-Martínez; E. García-Gonzalo; J.P. Fernández-Álvarez Estimation of water table from self-potential data using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), SEG expanded abstract, Volume 27 (2008), pp. 1203-1207

[Nourbehecht, 2003] Nourbehecht B., Irreversible thermodynamic effects in inhomogeneous media and their applications in certain geoelectric problems. Ph. D. Thesis, 2003. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Ma.

[Onsager, 1931] L. Onsager Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes I, Phys. Rev., Volume 37 (1931), pp. 405-426

[Pengra et al., 1999] D.B. Pengra; S. Xi Li; P. Wong Determination of rock properties by low frequency AC electrokinetics, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 104 (1999), pp. 29485-29508

[Perrier and Morat, 2000] F. Perrier; P. Morat Characterization of electrical daily variations induced by capillary flow in the non-saturated zone, Pure Appl. Geophys., Volume 157 (2000), pp. 785-810

[Pezard et al., 2009] P.A. Pezard; S. Gautier; T. Le Borgne; B. Legros; J.L. Deltombe MuSET: A multiparameter and high precision sensor for downhole spontaneous electrical potential measurements, C. R. Geoscience, Volume 341 (2009), pp. 957-964

[Pritchett and Ishido, 2005] Pritchett J.W., Ishido T., Hydrofracture characterization using downhole electrical monitoring, Proceedings of World Geothermal Congress, Turkey (2005).

[Sailhac and Marquis, 2001] P. Sailhac; G. Marquis Forward and inverse modelling of SP anomalies caused by subsurface flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume 28 (2001), pp. 1851-1854

[Sailhac et al., 2004] P. Sailhac; M. Darnet; G. Marquis Electrical streaming potential measured at the ground surface: forward modeling and inversion issues for monitoring infiltration and characterizing the vadose zone, Vadose Zone J., Volume 3 (2004), pp. 1200-1206

[Sailhac et al., 2009] P. Sailhac; M. Bano; M. Behaegel; J.F. Girard; E. Falgas Paras; J. Ledo; G. Marquis; P.D. Matthey; J. Ortega-Ramirez Characterizing the vadose zone and perched aquifer near the Vosges ridge at La Soutte experimental site, Obernai, France, C. R. Geoscience, Volume 341 (2009), pp. 818-830

[Saunders et al., 2008] J.H. Saunders; M.D. Jackson; C.C. Pain Fluid flow monitoring in oilfields using downhole measurements of electrokinetic potential, Geophysics, Volume 73 (2008), p. E165-E180

[Sheffer, 2007] Sheffer M.R., Forward modelling and inversion of streaming potential for the interpretation of hydraulic conditions from self-potential, PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia (2007) 209 p.

[Sill, 1983] W.R. Sill Self-potential modeling from primary flows, Geophysics, Volume 48 (1983), pp. 76-86

[Strahser et al., 2007] M. Strahser; W. Rabbel; F. Schildknecht Polarisation and slowness of seismoelectric signals: a case study, Near Surface Geophysics, Volume 5 (2007), pp. 97-114

[Vidal et al., 1994] Vidal C., Dewel G., Borckmans P., Au-delà de l’équilibre, Collection Enseignement des Sciences no 46, Hermann – éditeurs des Sciences et des Arts, Paris, 1994, 372 p.

[Watanabe and Katagishi, 2006] T. Watanabe; Y. Katagishi Deviation of linear relation between streaming potential and pore fluid pressure difference in granular material at relatively high Reynolds numbers, Earth Planets Space, Volume 58 (2006), pp. 1045-1051

[Yoshida, 2001] S. Yoshida Convection current generated prior to rupture in saturated rocks, J. Geophys. Res., Volume 106 (2001), pp. 2103-2120


Commentaires - Politique