The Burau representations of loop braid groups

We give a simple topological construction of the Burau representations of the loop braid groups. There are four versions: defined either on the non-extended or extended loop braid groups, and in each case there is an unreduced and a reduced version. Three are not surprising, and one could easily guess the correct matrices to assign to generators. The fourth is more subtle, and does not seem combinatorially obvious, although it is topologically very natural.


Introduction
Loop braid groups appear in many guises in topology and group theory. They may be seen geometrically as fundamental groups of trivial links in R 3 , diagrammatically as equivalence classes of welded braids (closely related to virtual braids and virtual knot theory), algebraically as subgroups of automorphism groups of free groups or combinatorially via explicit group presentations.
Loop braid groups have been studied, from the topological viewpoint of motions of trivial links in R 3 , by Dahm [Dah62], Goldsmith [Gol81], Brownstein and Lee [BL93] and Jensen, McCammond and Meier [JMM06]. In parallel, the symmetric automorphism groups and the braid-permutation groups (subgroups of Aut(F n ), which may also be interpreted in terms of welded braids) were studied by McCool [McC86], Collins [Col89] and Fenn, Rimányi and Rourke [FRR97]. In particular, Fenn, Rimányi and Rourke found a finite presentation of the braid-permutation groups. Later, Baez, Wise and Crans [BWC07, Theorem 2.2] showed that their presentation is also a presentation of the group of motions of a trivial link, thus bringing together the two different points of view. Loop braid groups, as well as related groups of "wickets", have also been studied more recently by Brendle and Hatcher [BH13]. For a detailed survey of the many different facets of loop braid groups, see Damiani's survey [Dam17].
The definition that we shall use is the following.
Definition 1 Let D 3 denote the closed unit ball in R 3 and choose a trivial n-component link U n in its interior. Let Emb(U n , D 3 ) denote the set of all smooth embeddings of U n into the interior of D 3 , equipped with the smooth Whitney topology, and write Emb u (U n , D 3 ) for the path-component containing the inclusion (the superscript u stands for "unknotted and unlinked"). There is a natural action of the diffeomorphism group Diff(U n ) ∼ = Diff(S 1 ) S n on this space, and we define E(U n , D 3 ) := Emb u (U n , D 3 )/Diff(U n ).
Burau representations of classical braid groups. The classical braid groups B n are the fundamental groups of the configuration spaces C n (R 2 ) of points in the plane. One of the oldest interesting representations of B n is the Burau representation [Bur35] which was defined originally by assigning explicit matrices to the standard generators of B n , but which is most naturally understood as a homological representation, as follows. The braid group B n is naturally isomorphic to the mapping class group MCG(D 2 n ) = π 0 (Diff ∂ (D 2 , Q n )), the group of isotopy classes of diffeomorphisms of the 2-disc that act by the identity on its boundary and that preserve a subset Q n of n points in its interior. In this way, B n acts (up to homotopy) on the complement D 2 n = D 2 Q n . There is a projection π 1 (D 2 n ) Z sending a loop to the sum of its winding numbers around each of the points Q n , and it turns out that the B n action on D 2 n lifts to the corresponding regular covering space π : D 2 n D 2 n and commutes with the deck transformations. The induced B n action on the first homology H 1 ( D 2 n ) therefore respects its structure as a module over the group-ring of the deck transformation group, The homology group H 1 ( D 2 n ) is in fact a free Z[t ±1 ]-module of rank n − 1, so choosing a free basis we may rewrite this as This is the reduced Burau representation. To obtain the unreduced Burau representation (2), we consider instead the induced B n action on the relative first homology H 1 ( D 2 n , π −1 ( * )), where * is a basepoint in the boundary of the disc. This is now a free Z[t ±1 ]-module of rank n, so choosing a free basis we obtain (2). The canonical map H 1 ( D 2 n ) → H 1 ( D 2 n , π −1 ( * )) is injective, so the reduced Burau representation (3) is a subrepresentation of the Burau representation (2).
Choosing appropriate ordered free generating sets for H 1 ( D 2 n ) and H 1 ( D 2 n , π −1 ( * )) over Z[t ±1 ], the representations (2) and (3) may be written explicitly as respectively. We note that the Burau representation is sometimes defined using the transposes of these matrices, such as in [KT08], but this is not an essential difference, since the Burau representation is equivalent to its transpose. For more details of these representations, see [KT08].
From classical braids to loop braids. There is an obvious map given by replacing each point in the given configuration with a small circle, oriented positively in R 2 , and then including this unlinked configuration of circles into R 3 . On fundamental groups, this induces a homomorphism B n → LB n sending the standard generators of B n to the elements τ 1 , . . . , τ n−1 of LB n . In particular, this map factors through the projection B n → S n onto the symmetric group on n letters. There is also a more interesting map defined as follows. Let us identify R 2 with the right-hand xz-plane (the half where the x-coordinate is positive) and the interior of D 3 with R 3 . Given a configuration of n points in the right-hand xzplane, we produce an n-component unlink by rotating the configuration about the z-axis, tracing out n circles while doing so, which all lie in planes parallel to the xy-plane; see Figure 2. We orient these circles positively with respect to the parallel copy of the xy-plane in which they lie.

Figure 2
Given a configuration of (blue) points in the right-hand xz-plane, we rotate about the z-axis as shown to produce a configuration of unlinked circles in R 3 .
To see that the induced homomorphism on fundamental groups is injective, let us take a basepoint in C n (R 2 ) where the configuration points are arranged in a line along the x-axis; this corresponds to a basepoint of E + (U n , D 3 ) with n concentric circles in the xy-plane, centred at the origin. The standard generators of B n are sent to loops of the form illustrated on the left-hand side of Figure 3. Changing the basepoint of E + (U n , D 3 ) to the one chosen earlier, with non-concentric circles on the xy-plane, this corresponds to the loop on the right-hand side of Figure 3, which is the generator σ i of LB n . By [BH13,Proposition 4.3], the group homomorphism B n → LB n sending the standard generators of B n to the elements σ 1 , . . . , σ n−1 ∈ LB n is injective. As we have just seen, the map (6) realises this homomorphism at the space level, and so:

Remark 3
The map (6) has also been described in §6 of [BB16], where its image is called the configuration space of linear necklaces. In particular, [BB16, Theorem 6.1] is equivalent to Proposition 2 under this interpretation. A small difference is that the map of [BB16] has the space UR n as target (see [BH13] for this notation), whereas (6) has E + (U n , D 3 ) as target. But (6) factors as where the left-hand arrow is the map of [BB16]. The middle map is a π 1 -isomorphism by [BH13, Proposition 2.3] and the right-hand map is a homotopy equivalence by [BH13, Theorem 1].
The unreduced Burau representation (2) has been extended to LB n by Vershinin [Ver01], using a presentation of LB n and by assigning explicit matrices to generators. (More precisely, Vershinin's representation of LB n restricts to the transpose of the unreduced Burau representation of B n , according to our conventions.) Our approach will instead be topological, analogous to the description above of the classical Burau representations of B n , via the homology of covering spaces. In each case, we will find a natural generating set of the relevant homology group, and calculate the matrix that each standard generator of the loop braid group is sent to.
In this notation, the unreduced and reduced Burau representations are R-linear actions B n R ⊕n and B n R ⊕n−1 respectively. The case of the non-extended loop braid groups is straightforward: Theorem A These R-linear actions extend to R-linear actions LB n R ⊕n and LB n R ⊕n−1 . Explicit matrices are given in equations (15) and (17) respectively.
To extend further to the extended loop braid groups is a little more subtle. We must first reduce modulo t 2 − 1, in other words tensor − ⊗ R S to obtain S-linear actions LB n S ⊕n and LB n S ⊕n−1 . The unreduced Burau representation then extends directly: Theorem B The S-linear action LB n S ⊕n extends to an S-linear action LB n S ⊕n . Explicit matrices are given in equations (15) and (21).
The reduced Burau representation does not extend directly; instead: Theorem C The S-linear action LB n S ⊕n−1 is a subrepresentation of an S-linear action LB n S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1), and this extends to an S-linear action LB n S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1). Explicit matrices are given in Table 1 on page 12.
We emphasise that these extensions of the Burau representations to LB n and LB n are precisely those that arise naturally via actions on first homology groups of covering spaces, mirroring the topological construction of the classical Burau representations. As a partial summary, we have where from left to right we have (1) the reduced Burau representation of (3) the inclusion of (2) into the reduced Burau representation of LB n over S (Theorem C) and (4) its further inclusion into the unreduced Burau representation of LB n (Theorem B). In each case, an ordered generating set corresponding to the direct sum decomposition is given in blue.

Remark 5
The matrices of the representations in Theorems A and B are the "obvious" matrices that one may guess by analogy with the matrices for the classical (reduced and unreduced) Burau representations. However, the matrices for the reduced Burau representation of the extended loop braid groups, from Theorem C, do not seem combinatorially or algebraically obvious. However, they arise very naturally topologically. Two additional subtleties in this case are the appearance of torsion in the S/(t − 1) summand and the non-locality of the matrices for the ρ i generators.
Remark 6 It is stated in Theorem C that the LB n -representation S ⊕n−1 is a subrepresentation of an LB n -representation S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1). We remark that it is however not a direct summand of the LB n -representation S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1).
See §4 for further remarks on reducibility, kernel and other properties of these representations.

Remark 7
The Burau representations of the classical braid groups B n form the first of an infinite family of Lawrence-Bigelow representations [Law90; Big04], and the Burau representations of the loop braid groups LB n (or extended loop braid groups LB n ) may be extended, in more than one way, to an analogous infinite family of representations; see [PS19]. Explicit bases for some of these representations are computed in [PS22a,§3] and further investigation of these families of representations of LB n and of LB n will be the subject of forthcoming work.
These representations are particularly interesting as the representation theory of the loop braid groups is in the early stages: so far, few other results are known on extensions of representations of the braid groups to loop braid groups and some of their particular subgroups; see Kádár, Martin, Rowell and Wang [KMRW17] and Bellingeri and the second author [BS20]. Furthermore, Damiani, Martin and Rowell [DMR20] have recently studied a finite dimensional quotient LH n of the group algebra of LB n , mimicking the braid group/Iwahori-Hecke algebra paradigm. In particular, the unreduced Burau representation of LB n (Theorem A) factors through this quotient algebra LH n ; see [DMR20, §3.2].
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank Paolo Bellingeri for his comments on the first version of this paper, in particular for drawing to their attention the reference [BB16].

Action on the homology of covering spaces
Let ϕ be a diffeomorphism of the 3-ball D 3 that restricts to the identity near the boundary. We may restrict ϕ to our chosen unlink U n in the interior of D 3 to obtain a new embedding U n → D 3 . Since ϕ is isotopic to a diffeomorphism that acts by the identity on U n (it may be isotoped to act by the identity on a larger and larger collar neighbourhood of the boundary, until this collar neighbourhood contains U n ), this new embedding is isotopic to the inclusion, hence an element of Emb u (U n , D 3 ). We therefore have a restriction map ... where Diff ∂ (D 3 ) denotes the topological group of diffeomorphisms that are the identity on a neighbourhood of the boundary, equipped with the smooth Whitney topology. The map (9) is a locally trivial fibration [Pal60; Cer61; Lim63] and the quotient map is also a locally trivial fibration [BF81] (see also [Pal21,§4] for both of these). Putting together (9) and (10), we have a locally trivial fibration If we modify (10) to quotient only by Diff + (U n ), it remains a locally trivial fibration, and together with (9) we obtain a locally trivial fibration Together with Hatcher's proof [Hat83] of the Smale conjecture, this implies the following, where is the subgroup of diffeomorphisms that preserve U n and its orientation. Lemma 8 There are isomorphisms Proof. The topological group Diff ∂ (D 3 ) is contractible, in particular simply-connected, by [Hat83], and these isomorphisms then follow from the long exact sequences associated to (11) and (12).
Notation 9 We will abbreviate D 3 n = D 3 U n , where U n is the n-component unlink in the interior of D 3 chosen previously. See Figure 4 for an illustration of a particular choice.
By the mapping class group interpretation of loop braid groups (Lemma 8), the group LB n (and hence also its subgroup LB n ) acts, up to homotopy, on the unlink-complement D 3 n by diffeomorphisms (in particular, homeomorphisms).

Remark 10
We will speak of actions of mapping class groups up to homotopy, which induce (strict) actions on homology. An alternative, equivalent viewpoint would be that the corresponding diffeomorphism group acts (strictly) at the level of spaces, and then observing that its induced action on homology factors through the mapping class group, since homology groups are discrete.
Note that the fundamental group of D 3 n is the free group F n on n generators. This is easy to see: the unlink-complement D 3 n ⊆ D 3 deformation retracts onto a wedge of n circles and n copies of the 2-sphere. The n circles a 1 , . . . , a n are shown in In general, if a group G acts (up to homotopy) on a based space X and we choose a surjection ψ : π 1 (X) Q that is invariant under the induced action of G on π 1 (X), then the G-action on X lifts uniquely to the regular covering space corresponding to ψ and commutes with the action of Q by deck transformations.
Let us first take G = LB n and X = D 3 n with basepoint * ∈ ∂D 3 = ∂D 3 n . We note that the quotient φ is invariant under the action of LB n : for this it suffices to check that each generator τ i , σ i of LB n sends each generator a j of π 1 (D 3 n ) to an element in φ −1 (1), and this follows since, up to conjugation, τ i and σ i simply permute the generators a j . We therefore have an induced action (up to homotopy) of LB n on D 3 n commuting with the deck transformation action of Z. Thus the first integral homology groups Let us make these covering spaces more concrete by building explicit models for each of them. We embed n pairwise disjoint closed 3-discs into the interior of the unit 3-disc D 3 as pictured in Figure  5, so that each little 3-disc looks like a "lens shape" and the union of their equators is precisely the n-component unlink that we fixed earlier. LetD 3 n denote D 3 n minus the interiors of these n little 3-discs, equivalently, D 3 minus the interiors and equators of the n little 3-discs. Also, write ...

Matrices for non-extended loop braid groups
We first consider the LB n -representations (13). The calculations of these representations are unsurprising, but they are a useful warm-up to the slightly more subtle ones in the next section, for the LB n -representations (14).
The modules. As noted above, the unlink-complement D 3 n deformation retracts onto a wedge of n circles and n copies of the 2-sphere. This deformation retraction lifts to a deformation retraction of the covering space D 3 n onto the space pictured in Figure 6. This is an infinite 2-dimensional cell complex X with vertices indexed by Z, with exactly n edges between consecutive vertices (and none between non-consecutive vertices) and with exactly n copies of the 2-sphere wedged onto each vertex. Its fundamental group is freely generated by t k .(a 2ā1 ), . . . . . . , t k .(a nān−1 ) for all k ∈ Z, whereā denotes the reverse of a path a. Abelianising and writing Z[Z] = Z[t ±1 ], we see that its first homology is freely generated, as a Z[t ±1 ]-module, by x 1 := a 2ā1 , . . . . . . , x n−1 := a nān−1 .
The relative homology group H 1 ( D 3 n , η −1 ( * ); Z) is isomorphic to the first homology of X relative to its set of vertices (since these vertices are fixed by the deformation retraction described above), which is freely generated, as a Z[t ±1 ]-module, by a 1 , . . . , a n . Summarising, we have natural isomorphisms . , x n−1 }, and the canonical homomorphism H 1 ( D 3 n ; Z) → H 1 ( D 3 n , η −1 ( * ); Z) is given under these identifications by x i → a i+1 − a i .

The unreduced representation.
It is easy to calculate visually how the LB n generators τ i and σ i act on the homological generators a j . Clearly τ i simply interchanges a i and a i+1 . On the Figure 7 The action of σ i ∈ LBn on the homological generator a i . The right-hand loop may be decomposed (writing from the left to right) as a i · ta i+1 · tā i . other hand, σ i acts by where the first formula comes from the fact that, at the fundamental group level, σ i sends the loop a i to the loop a i · ta i+1 · tā i , which may be read off from Figure 7. Thus we see that the matrices for the unreduced Burau representation LB n → GL n (Z[t ±1 ]) are given by Remark 14 These are precisely the transposes of the matrices used in [Ver01]. Related to this, we note that, as observed in [Ibr21, Theorem 3.2], one may extend the (transpose of the) unreduced Burau representation to the virtual braid group VB n → GL n (Z[t ±1 , u ±1 ]) by This factors through the projection VB n LB n if one sets u = 1, but in general it does not. It would be interesting to find a topological construction of this representation, in the sense of the present paper, although it is unclear how this could be done, as we are unaware of a topological interpretation of the virtual braid group as a motion group, analogous to the realisation of the loop braid group as the group of motions of an oriented trivial link in R 3 .
The reduced representation. Using this computation of the unreduced representation, and the explicit formula (x i → a i+1 − a i ) for the inclusion of the reduced representation into the unreduced one, it is an easy exercise to read off the following explicit formulas for the reduced Burau representation LB n → GL n−1 (Z[t ±1 ]): If i = 1 or i = n − 1, one should ignore the "I −1 " on the left or right, and instead remove the left column and top row, respectively the right column and bottom row, from the displayed matrix.
Observe that, when restricted to the σ i generators, the formulas (15) and (17) Figure 6. The generator τ i ∈ LB n clearly acts by swapping the homological generators b i and b i+1 . The generator σ i ∈ LB n acts as illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. It sends b i , considered as an element of π 2 ( D 3 n ), to a i · b i+1 , where · denotes the canonical action of π 1 ( D 3 n ) on π 2 ( D 3 n ). Inspecting Figure 6, we see that, viewed as an element of H 2 ( D 3 n ; Z), this is tb i+1 . Similarly, σ i Figure 8 The action of σ i ∈ LBn on the element b i ∈ π 2 ( D 3 n ). The right-hand side is homotopic to a i · b i+1 , where · denotes the action of π 1 on π 2 . Figure 9 The action of σ i ∈ LBn on the element b i+1 ∈ π 2 ( D 3 n ). The right-hand side is homotopic to , where · denotes the action of π 1 on π 2 . sends b i+1 , considered as an element of π 2 ( D 3 t).b i+1 as an element of H 2 ( D 3 n ; Z). Thus, with respect to the ordered basis (b 1 , . . . , b n ) of H 2 ( D 3 n ; Z), this representation LB n → GL n (Z[t ±1 ]) is given by Reversing the ordering, i.e. using instead the ordered basis (b n , . . . , b 1 ), we obtain which is the transpose of the unreduced Burau representation (15) of LB n , and agrees with the matrices used in [Ver01].

Matrices for extended loop braid groups
The modules. As in §2, the deformation retraction of the unlink-complement D 3 n onto a wedge of circles and 2-spheres lifts to a deformation retraction of its covering D 3 n onto the space pictured in Figure 10. This is a finite 2-dimensional cell complex with two vertices {v, tv}, 2n edges between them and with n copies of the 2-sphere wedged onto each vertex. Its fundamental group is freely ...   Figure 11 The action of ρ i ∈ LB n on the homological generator a i . The right-hand loop is tā i . Note that it is not simplyā i , since this is a path from tv to v, whereas ρ i (a i ) is a path from v = t 2 v to tv. generated by the 2n − 1 loops x 1 = a 2ā1 , . . . . . . , x n−1 = a nān−1 tx 1 = ta 2 tā 1 , . . . . . . , tx n−1 = ta n tā n−1 y := a n ta n .
Hence its first homology H 1 ( D 3 n ; Z) is generated, as an abelian group, by the same 2n − 1 loops, viewed as homology classes. The first 2n − 2 of these classes generate a free module of rank n − 1 over S = Z[Z/2] = Z[t ±1 ]/(t 2 − 1), whereas the last element y generates a summand isomorphic to Z viewed as a trivial Z[Z/2Z]-module, in other words S/(t − 1).
The relative homology group H 1 ( D 3 n , (η ) −1 ( * ); Z) is isomorphic to the first homology of this complex relative to its vertices {t, tv}. This is much simpler: it is a free module over S = Z[t ±1 ]/(t 2 −1) of rank n, generated by a 1 , . . . , a n . Summarising, we have natural isomorphisms The canonical homomorphism H 1 ( D 3 n ; Z) → H 1 ( D 3 n , (η ) −1 ( * ); Z) is given under these identifications by x i → a i+1 − a i and y → (1 + t)a n . As a matrix, this is: (20) Note that this matrix describes an injective homomorphism. (Viewed as an endomorphism of S ⊕n , it is of course not injective, since 1 + t is a zero-divisor. But its kernel is precisely the submodule 0 ⊕n−1 ⊕ (t − 1) of S ⊕n so once we replace the domain with S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1) it becomes injective.) The unreduced representation. The action of the LB n generators τ i and σ i on the homological generators a j is exactly as in §2, and given by the matrices (15), considered now over the ring ]. The LB n generator ρ i acts trivially on a j for j = i and sends a i to −ta i . This last formula comes from the fact that, at the fundamental group level, ρ i sends the loop a i to the loop tā i , which may be read off from Figure 11. Thus we see that the matrices for the unreduced Burau representation LB n → GL n (S) are given by (15) and In particular, the restriction of this representation of LB n to the generators τ i and σ i (i.e. to LB n ) is the reduction modulo t 2 of the representation (15) of Theorem A. This concludes the proof of Theorem B.

The reduced representation.
It is now a purely algebraic exercise, using the formulas (15) and (21) for the unreduced Burau representation, together with the explicit description (20) of the inclusion, to deduce explicit formulas for the reduced Burau representation LB n −→ Aut S (S ⊕n−1 ⊕ S/(t − 1)).
These are given in Table 1, where we abbreviate δ := 1 + t. Note that the matrices for the extended generators ρ i are, in a sense, "non-local". In particular, the restriction of this representation of LB n to the group generators τ i and σ i and to the homological generators x 1 , . . . , x n−1 is equal to the reduction modulo t 2 of the representation (17) of Theorem A. This concludes the proof of Theorem C.

Remark 16
It is an amusing exercise to verify explicitly that the matrices in Table 1 indeed satisfy all of the relations of the extended loop braid group LB n , as described for example in [BH13,§3] or [Dam17,§3]. (Warning: the papers [BH13], [Dam17] and the present paper pairwise disagree on notation for the three families of generators of LB n .) One should bear in mind that braid words are written from left to right in [BH13] and [Dam17] (as is usual for composition of loops), whereas matrix multiplication goes from right to left (as is usual for function composition), so in fact the matrices in Table 1 satisfy the opposite of the relations of LB n described in [BH13;Dam17]. (Technically, this means that we have constructed a representation of the opposite group (LB n ) op , but, except for computations, we ignore this subtlety, since this is abstractly isomorphic to LB n .) For an explicit verification, using Sage, that the matrices in Table 1 satisfy the 40 relations of the extended loop braid group LB n in the case n = 4, see the supplementary materials [PS22b]. Notation: δ = 1 + t. All entries lie in S = Z[t ±1 ]/(t 2 − 1), except for the bottom row, where they lie in S/(t − 1) ∼ = Z, in other words we set t = 1 on the bottom row.

Properties
Irreducibility. The unreduced Burau representations (15) of LB n and (21) of LB n are clearly reducible, since they contain the reduced Burau representations (17) and (Table 1) respectively.
The reduced Burau representation (17) of LB n becomes irreducible when we pass to the field of fractions Q(t) of Z[t ±1 ]. This follows because its restriction to the symmetric group S n ⊂ LB n is the standard (n − 1)-dimensional representation of S n , which is irreducible over any field.
On the other hand, for the reduced Burau representation (Table 1) of LB n , we cannot directly pass to a field of fractions, since its ground ring S = Z[t ±1 ]/(t 2 − 1) is not an integral domain. Instead, we may tensor over S with Q, setting either t = −1 or t = 1. In the first case, the additional S/(t − 1) summand is killed and we obtain an (n − 1)-dimensional representation of LB n over Q, which is irreducible, again because its restriction to S n ⊂ LB n is the standard representation of S n . In the second case, we obtain an n-dimensional representation: Lemma 17 The representation (22) of LB n is irreducible.
Step 1. It suffices to find v ∈ V with v = 0 and β = 0. First note that span Q {x 1 , . . . , x n−1 } is an irreducible subrepresentation (it is irreducible since its restriction to S n is the standard representation of S n ). Thus V must contain span Q {x 1 , . . . , x n−1 }. But then it must also contain x n−1 − ρ n (x n−1 ) = y, and so V = Q n .

Remark 18
The restriction of the representation (22) to S n ⊂ LB n is isomorphic to the regular representation of S n . To see this, note that span Q {x 1 , . . . , x n−1 } is a subrepresentation isomorphic to the standard representation of S n , and the quotient is a trivial 1-dimensional representation. Thus, by Maschke's theorem, (22)| Sn is isomorphic to the sum of the standard representation and a trivial 1-dimensional representation, which is isomorphic to the regular representation of S n .
(recall that R = Z[t ±1 ] and S = R/(t 2 − 1)) so the unreduced Burau representation (21) : LB n → GL n (S) is also unfaithful for all n 2. In fact, the kernel of the composition LB n → GL n (S) across the diagonal of (23) is larger than the kernel of (15) : LB n → GL n (R) since, for example, (τ 1 σ 1 ) 2 is sent to t 2 0 0 1 ⊕ I n−2 .
The transpose of the Burau representation. As mentioned in the introduction, the (unreduced) Burau representation of the classical braid group B n is equivalent to its transpose. Explicitly, conjugation by the diagonal matrix Diag(1, t, . . . , t n−1 ) passes between the Burau representation and its transpose. On the other hand:

Lemma 19
The unreduced Burau representation (15) of the loop braid group LB n is not equivalent to its transpose.
Proof. Let (15) = Bur. The aim is to show that there is no invertible matrix M ∈ GL n (Z[t ±1 ]) such that Bur(g)M = M Bur(g) t for all g ∈ LB n , where (−) t denotes the transpose of a matrix. For n = 2, the equations Bur(σ 1 )M = M Bur(σ 1 ) t and Bur(τ 1 )M = M Bur(τ 1 ) t imply that M is of the form a −a −a a , which is not invertible. For n 3, we will prove by induction on n the statement that the only matrix M satisfying Bur(g)M = M Bur(g) t for all g ∈ LB n is the zero matrix. We begin with the base case n = 3. Applying the argument for n = 2 to the top-left and bottom-right 2 × 2 blocks of M , we deduce that M must be of the form Thus the representations (15) and (15) tr are non-equivalent representations of LB n . However, we have constructed both of these topologically: (15) is the action of LB n on the first homology group H 1 ( D 3 n , η −1 ( * ); Z) and (15) tr is the action of LB n on the second homology group H 2 ( D 3 n ; Z), as shown at the end of §2.