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%\makeatletter
%\def\TITREspecial{\relax}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@english{Energy in the heart of EM waves: modelling, measurements and management}
%\def\cdr@specialtitle@french{L'\'energie au c{\oe}ur des ondes \'electromagn\'etiques : mod\'elisation, mesures et gestion}
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\CDRsetmeta{articletype}{foreword}

\title{Energy in the heart of EM waves: modelling, measurements and
management---Foreword}

\alttitle{L'\'{e}nergie au c\oe{}ur des ondes
\'{e}lectromagn\'{e}tiques : mod\'{e}lisation, mesures et gestion ---
Avant-propos}

\author{\firstname{Emmanuelle} \lastname{Conil}\CDRorcid{0009-0004-2675-8175}}
\address{Agence nationale des fr\'equences, ANFR, Maisons-Alfort, France}

\author{\firstname{Fran\c{c}ois} \lastname{Costa}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-0303-6346}}
\address{ENS Paris-Saclay, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, Universit\'{e}
Paris-Est Cr\'{e}teil, France}

\author{\firstname{Lionel} \lastname{Pichon}\CDRorcid{0000-0002-3402-5498}\IsCorresp}
\address{CNRS, CentraleSup\'{e}lec, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay,
Sorbonne Universit\'{e}, France}
\email[L. Pichon]{Lionel.Pichon@centralesupelec.fr}

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Energy is more relevant than ever: modes of transmission, harvesting,
conversion, storage as well as associated materials and systems are
interdisciplinary issues in many sectors of activity (mobility,
communication, etc.). Electromagnetic waves play an increasing role in
the transmission, control and management of energy, both through
fundamental aspects, technological developments and analysis tools.

Electromagnetics engineering related to waves involves appropriate
numerical modeling and simulation tools for analysis and design.
Experimental protocols are simultaneously required to measure
electromagnetic fields according to energy levels, frequencies, etc.,
particularly in case of human exposure considerations and biomedical
engineering. Also, management strategies including virtual prototyping
and electromagnetic compatibility analysis (EMC) are currently widely
adopted in the design of electrical and electronic systems over a wide
range of frequencies from DC to hundreds of GHz.

The URSI-France 2023 workshop, organized under the auspices of the
French Academy of Sciences, focused on ``Energy in the heart of
waves''. It was jointly organized by SATIE (Information and Energy
Technology, Systems and Applications) and GeePs (Group of electrical
engineering---Paris). The workshop was held on the campus of
CentraleSup\'{e}lec, in Gif-sur-Yvette (France), from March 21 to March
22, 2023.

The following special issue is organized in 9 papers covering different
aspects and challenges related to electromagnetic waves including:
modelling, measurement and management.

This special issue is introduced by an invited ``review paper'' from
Prof. Stavros Koulouridis (University of Patras) dealing with wireless
power transfer in biomedical engineering. It presents an analysis of
implantable antenna systems using the scattering matrices formalism.

Electromagnetic fields interact with living matter driving an
exhaustive research related to human exposure. \textbf{A first group
of four papers} is related to public exposure to electromagnetic
waves including in-situ measurement techniques and dedicated simulation
tools. These contributions cover both public area in case of
radio-communications systems (5G for example) and industrial workplaces
in case of electromagnetic fields radiated by power systems (in the kHz
range).

The first paper entitled ``\textit{A Simulation Method Suited for the
Whole French Territory Electromagnetic Waves} Exposure'' and authored
by Nicolas No\'{e}, Lydia Sefsouf, Jean-Benoit Dufour, Samuel
Carr\'{e}, Emmanuelle Conil, Nabila Bounoua and Jean-Benoit Agnani
presents a dedicated simulation method for the numerical modeling of
the whole French territory's exposure to Electromagnetic fields. The
method accounts for EMF exposure everywhere (outdoors and inside
buildings), while performing fast enough to fulfill operational
constraints.

The second paper entitled ``\textit{Monitoring of the exposure to
electromagnetic fields with autonomous probes installed outdoors in
France}'' is authored by Ourouk Jawad, Emmanuelle Conil,
Jean-Beno\^{i}t Agnani, Shanshan Wang and Joe Wiart. It draws
statistical conclusions on the exposure of the population based on
temporal analysis of exposure monitored by autonomous broadband probes.
It shows that monitoring probes are able to detect the seasonality of
the exposure and provide analysis of correlation between monitoring
probes and radio environment. 

The third paper entitled ``\textit{Extensive 5G measurement campaign to
monitor EMF exposure in France}'' is authored by Lydia Sefsouf,
Emmanuelle Conil and Jean-Beno\^{i}t Agnani. It focuses on the exposure
evolution related to the deployment of 5G on the French national
territory during the year 2021. More than 5000 measurements were part
of a large exposure monitoring program at nearly 2000 sites.

The fourth paper entitled ``\textit{Electromagnetic compatibility of
active cardiovascular implants to occupational magnetic field
environments: impact of the field direction}'' is authored by Lucien
Hammen, Lionel Pichon, Yann Le Bihan, Mohamed Bensetti and G\'{e}rard
Fleury. It presents a new testing method to assess the electromagnetic
compatibility method of active implantable medical devices against
occupational magnetic field sources. It is based on an experimental
approach using a specific test bench able to generate a controlled
magnetic field in all space directions up to the high occupational
exposure limits between 50~Hz and 3~kHz.

Appropriate 3D modeling approaches and computational methods are
required to understand the interaction between electromagnetic fields
and the environment and also to design and optimize complex structures.
\textbf{A second group of four papers} shows dedicated numerical
methods and simulation tools for investigations in realistic
environments.

The fifth paper entitled ``\textit{3D Computation of Lightning Leader
Stepped Propagation Inside a Realistic Cloud}'' is authored by Philippe
Dessante. It studies the propagation of leaders in clouds or toward the
ground and structures. It describes a modeling approach involving a
macro model and a heuristic based on the electric potential's
maximization to find a leader's direction in case of a real cloud space
charge repartition.

The sixth paper entitled ``\textit{Multi-label classification with deep
learning techniques applied to the B-Scan images of GPR}'' is authored
by Soukayna El Karakhi, Alain Reineix and Christophe Guiffaut. It is
related to object detection with ground penetrating radar. It presents
a multi-label classification model based on transfer learning and data
augmentation dedicated to B-scan images. 

The seventh paper entitled ``Design and optimization of inductive power
transfer systems by metamodeling techniques'' is authored by Yao Pei,
Lionel Pichon, Mohamed Bensetti and Yann Le Bihan. It addresses
wireless power transfer for charging batteries of electric vehicles. It
presents a fast design and optimization methodology of a power transfer
systems based of metamodeling techniques.

The eighth paper entitled ``\textit{Matching of an observed event and
its virtual model in relation to smart theories, coupled models and
supervision of complex procedures---A review}'' is authored by Adel
Razek. It aims to illustrate the nature of the observation--modeling
(or real--virtual) link, the importance of the exact model in the
matching involved in this link and the use of this link in the
supervision of complex procedures via the digital twin concept.

We believe that this Special Issue will provide readers with a valuable
opportunity to have an overview of the challenges and progress in the
field of electromagnetics and waves. We hope that all contents of this
Special Issue demonstrate useful and insightful knowledge to the
community.

First, we thank the authors who decided to submit their work and
contribute to this Special Issue. Second, we are indebted with
anonymous expert reviewers, who devoted considerable time and efforts
in the review of the submitted manuscripts, providing always valuable
feedback to the authors. Finally, we would like to thank the scientific
committee of the URSI-France 2023 workshop for its contribution to the
development of the program and the \textit{Comptes Rendus Physique}
editorial committee for agreeing to publish this special issue.

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