Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments

Jérémie Vidal; Jérôme Noir; David Cébron; Fabian Burmann; Rémy Monville; Vadim Giraud; Yoann Charles

doi:10.5802/crphys.219

Review article

Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments

Jérémie Vidal ¹ ; Jérôme Noir ² ; David Cébron ¹ ; Fabian Burmann ² ; Rémy Monville ¹ ; Vadim Giraud ² ; Yoann Charles ^2,³

¹ Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
² Institut für Geophysik, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
³ Development of Advanced Engineering Solutions (DAES), Avenue des Grandes-Communes 8, Petit-Lancy 1213, Switzerland

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-52.

Abstract
Résumé

Physicists face major challenges in modelling multi-scale phenomena that are observed in geophysical flows (e.g. in the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere, or liquid planetary cores). In particular, complexities arise because geophysical fluids are rotating and subject to density variations, but also because the fluid boundaries have complex geometries (e.g. the ocean floor) with wavelengths ranging from metres to thousands of kilometres. Dynamical models of planetary fluid layers are thus often constrained by observations, whose interpretation necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physics. To this end, geophysical studies often combine cutting-edge experiments across a wide range of parameters, together with theory and numerical simulations, to derive predictive scaling laws applicable for planetary settings. In this review, we discuss experimental efforts that have contributed to our understanding of geophysical flows with topography. More specifically, we focus on (i) the flow response to mechanical (orbital) forcings in the presence of a large-scale (ellipsoidal) topography, (ii) some effects of small-scale topography onto bulk flows and boundary-layer dynamics, and (iii) the interaction between convection and roughness. The geophysical context is briefly introduced for each case, and some experimental perspectives are drawn.

Les écoulements géophysiques, par exemple dans les océans ou les noyaux planétaires liquides, présentent souvent une turbulence caractérisée par une multitude d’échelles de temps et d’espace. Celles-ci résultent notamment des effets de rotation globale et de stratification en densité, mais aussi des effets de paroi qui sont souvent irréguliers (e.g. la bathymétrie du plancher océanique). Ainsi, peu d’études ont considéré la modélisation des écoulements géophysiques avec rotation, stratification en densité et effets topographiques. En pratique, la meilleure approche consiste souvent à combiner des expériences de laboratoire sur une large gamme de paramètres, ainsi que des travaux théoriques et/ou numériques, pour ensuite extrapoler les résultats aux conditions géophysiques. Dans cet article de revue, nous discutons les travaux principalement expérimentaux qui ont permis de mieux comprendre la dynamique des écoulements géophysiques avec des effets topographiques de paroi. Premièrement, nous détaillons les écoulements engendrés par les forçages orbitaux (e.g. la marée ou la précession) pour un fluide contenu dans un ellipsoïde. Ensuite, nous illustrons les effets d’une topographie de petite échelle sur certains écoulements en volume et de couche limite. Enfin, nous discutons l’influence d’une paroi non lisse sur les écoulements engendrés par la convection.

Received: 2024-05-03
Revised: 2024-10-17
Accepted: 2024-10-17
Online First: 2025-01-06

DOI: 10.5802/crphys.219

Keywords: Topography, Rotation, Stratification, Geophysical flows, Planetary cores, Subsurface oceans
Mots-clés : Topographie, Rotation, Stratification, Écoulements géophysiques, Noyaux planétaires, Océans de subsurface

Author's affiliations:

Jérémie Vidal ¹; Jérôme Noir ²; David Cébron ¹; Fabian Burmann ²; Rémy Monville ¹; Vadim Giraud ²; Yoann Charles ^{2, 3}

¹ Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
² Institut für Geophysik, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
³ Development of Advanced Engineering Solutions (DAES), Avenue des Grandes-Communes 8, Petit-Lancy 1213, Switzerland

License:

CC-BY 4.0

Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights

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     author = {J\'er\'emie Vidal and J\'er\^ome Noir and David C\'ebron and Fabian Burmann and R\'emy Monville and Vadim Giraud and Yoann Charles},
     title = {Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
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Jérémie Vidal; Jérôme Noir; David Cébron; Fabian Burmann; Rémy Monville; Vadim Giraud; Yoann Charles. Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-52. doi : 10.5802/crphys.219.

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