Laser source requirements for coherent lidars based on fiber technology

Jean-Pierre Cariou; Béatrice Augere; Matthieu Valla

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2006.03.012

Laser source requirements for coherent lidars based on fiber technology
[Spécifications des sources laser pour des lidars cohérents à technologie fibrée]

Jean-Pierre Cariou ¹ ; Béatrice Augere ¹ ; Matthieu Valla ¹

¹ Office national de recherches aérospatiales, département d'optique théorique et appliquée ONERA/DOTA, chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau cedex, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, High power fiber lasers and amplifiers, Volume 7 (2006) no. 2, pp. 213-223.

Résumé
Abstract

Les lasers à fibre apparaissent comme de nouvelles sources adaptées aux applications de lidars cohérents, grâce à leurs qualités spatiales et spectrales. Pouvant fonctionner en mode continu, modulé ou impulsionnel, leur puissance croissante en fait des sources d'intérêt pour des applications d'anémométrie, de vélocimétrie, de vibrométrie ou d'imagerie laser. Les qualités requises pour ces sources sont ici discutées, concernant la longueur d'onde, la puissance, la durée et la cadence des impulsions, le profil de faisceau et la largeur spectrale. Les lasers fibrés peuvent avantageusement être configurés en MOPA (Maître Oscillateur et Amplificateur de Puissance) permettant d'optimiser séparément la qualité spectrale, la modulation et la puissance de sortie. Le choix de longueur d'onde prend en compte la transmission atmosphérique, le rapport porteuse sur bruit et la sécurité oculaire. Le choix de lasers fibrés Er–Yb dans la bande 1,5 μm s'avère particulièrement adapté. Les puissances requises pour des applications opérationnelles sont de l'ordre de 10 W moyens pour une énergie de 1 mJ par impulsion. La qualité spatiale exigée correspond à un paramètre $M^{2}$ inférieur à 1,7. Du point de vue spectral, une finesse spectrale de l'ordre de 10 kHz en continu et 100 kHz en impulsionnel couvre les besoins. La réalisation de sources fiables demande cependant encore des efforts technologiques sur les fibres et les coupleurs pour concilier qualité et puissance.

Fiber lasers are becoming new effective sources for coherent lidars, thanks to their spatial and spectral qualities. Allowing operation in continuous, modulated and pulsed modes, their increasing power at eyesafe wavelengths is well suited to anemometry, velocimetry, vibrometry or laser imagery. Requested laser qualities are discussed, concerning wavelength, power, pulse duration and frequency, beam shape and spectral width, and compared to existing fiber source parameters.

Publié le : 2006-03-01

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2006.03.012

Keywords: Fiber lasers, Fiber amplifiers, Coherent lidars
Mots-clés : Lasers à fibre, Amplificateurs à fibres, Lidars cohérents

Affiliations des auteurs :

Jean-Pierre Cariou ¹ ; Béatrice Augere ¹ ; Matthieu Valla ¹

¹ Office national de recherches aérospatiales, département d'optique théorique et appliquée ONERA/DOTA, chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau cedex, France

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Jean-Pierre Cariou; Béatrice Augere; Matthieu Valla. Laser source requirements for coherent lidars based on fiber technology. Comptes Rendus. Physique, High power fiber lasers and amplifiers, Volume 7 (2006) no. 2, pp. 213-223. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2006.03.012. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2006.03.012/

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Masaharu IMAKI; Takeshi SAKIMURA; Kenichi HIROSAWA; Hisamichi TANAKA; Takayuki YANAGISAWA; Toshiyuki ANDO; Shumpei KAMEYAMA Latest Technology for Coherent Doppler LIDAR, The Review of Laser Engineering, Volume 48 (2020) no. 11, p. 591 | DOI:10.2184/lsj.48.11_591
Fang Liu; Pei Liu; Xi Feng; Zhaowei Zhang, 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) (2019), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8871577
Clément Romano; Robert E. Tench; Jean-Marc Delavaux 20 W 1952 nm tandem hybrid single and double clad TDFA, Optical Fiber Technology, Volume 48 (2019), p. 58 | DOI:10.1016/j.yofte.2018.12.018
Takeshi Sakimura; Kenichi Hirosawa; Yojiro Watanabe; Toshiyuki Ando; Shumpei Kameyama; Kimio Asaka; Hisamichi Tanaka; Masashi Furuta; Masahiro Hagio; Yoshihito Hirano; Hamaki Inokuchi; Takayuki Yanagisawa 155-μm high-peak, high-average-power laser amplifier using an Er,Yb:glass planar waveguide for wind sensing coherent Doppler lidar, Optics Express, Volume 27 (2019) no. 17, p. 24175 | DOI:10.1364/oe.27.024175
Kim Patokoski; Joona Rissanen; Teppo Noronen; Regina Gumenyuk; Yuri Chamorovskii; Valery Filippov; Juha Toivonen Single-frequency 100 ns / 05 mJ laser pulses from all-fiber double clad ytterbium doped tapered fiber amplifier, Optics Express, Volume 27 (2019) no. 22, p. 31532 | DOI:10.1364/oe.27.031532
Fang Liu; Pei Liu; Xi Feng; Changle Wang; Zhijun Yan; Zhaowei Zhang Tandem-pumped, tunable thulium-doped fiber laser in 21 μm wavelength region, Optics Express, Volume 27 (2019) no. 6, p. 8283 | DOI:10.1364/oe.27.008283
Ludovic Thobois; Jean Pierre Cariou; Ismail Gultepe Review of Lidar-Based Applications for Aviation Weather, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 176 (2019) no. 5, p. 1959 | DOI:10.1007/s00024-018-2058-8
Konosuke Aoyama; Shuhei Kobayashi; Masashi Wada; Nobuhide Yokota; Tomohiro Kita; Hiroshi Yasaka Compact narrow-linewidth optical negative feedback laser with Si optical filter, Applied Physics Express, Volume 11 (2018) no. 11, p. 112703 | DOI:10.7567/apex.11.112703
A. C. P. Oude Nijhuis; L. P. Thobois; F. Barbaresco; S. De Haan; A. Dolfi-Bouteyre; D. Kovalev; O. A. Krasnov; D. Vanhoenacker-Janvier; R. Wilson; A. G. Yarovoy Wind Hazard and Turbulence Monitoring at Airports with Lidar, Radar, and Mode-S Downlinks: The UFO Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 99 (2018) no. 11, p. 2275 | DOI:10.1175/bams-d-15-00295.1
Lifang Xue; Haiwei Zhang; Wei Shi; Xiaolei Bai; Quan Sheng; Jianquan Yao; Adrian L. Carter; Ingmar Hartl, Fiber Lasers XV: Technology and Systems (2018), p. 83 | DOI:10.1117/12.2289102
N Kavanagh; D Goulding; F C Garcia Gunning Stable injection locking with slotted Fabry–Perot lasers at 2 μm, Journal of Physics: Photonics, Volume 1 (2018) no. 1, p. 015005 | DOI:10.1088/2515-7647/aae7d9
Feng Xue; Sasa Zhang; Zhenhua Cong; Qingjie Huang; Chen Guan; Qianwen Wu; Hui Chen; Fen Bai; Zhaojun Liu Diode-end-pumped single-longitudinal-mode passivelyQ-switched Nd:GGG laser, Laser Physics Letters, Volume 15 (2018) no. 3, p. 035001 | DOI:10.1088/1612-202x/aa9b21
Konosuke Aoyama; Nobuhide Yokota; Hiroshi Yasaka Strategy of optical negative feedback for narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers, Optics Express, Volume 26 (2018) no. 16, p. 21159 | DOI:10.1364/oe.26.021159
Pavel Honzatko; Yauhen Baravets; Ashwin Kumar Myakalwar Single-frequency fiber laser based on a fiber ring resonator filter tunable in a broad range from 1023 nm to 1107 nm, Optics Letters, Volume 43 (2018) no. 6, p. 1339 | DOI:10.1364/ol.43.001339
Qilai Zhao; Zhitao Zhang; Bo Wu; Tianyi Tan; Changsheng Yang; Jiulin Gan; Huihui Cheng; Zhouming Feng; Mingying Peng; Zhongmin Yang; Shanhui Xu Noise-sidebands-free and ultra-low-RIN 15 μm single-frequency fiber laser towards coherent optical detection, Photonics Research, Volume 6 (2018) no. 4, p. 326 | DOI:10.1364/prj.6.000326
Sameh Abdelazim; David Santoro; Mark Arend; Fred Moshary; Sam Ahmed A Hardware Implemented Autocorrelation Technique for Estimating Power Spectral Density for Processing Signals from a Doppler Wind Lidar System, Sensors, Volume 18 (2018) no. 12, p. 4170 | DOI:10.3390/s18124170
Nikita Simakov; Alexander Hemming; Keiron Boyd; Alan Davidson; Jae Daniel; Neil Carmody; Robert Swain; Eric Mies; Michael Oermann; W. Andrew Clarkson; Kevin Farley; Adrian Carter; John Haub, 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) (2017), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8086982
Sida Xing; Svyatoslav Kharitonov; Jianqi Hu; Davide Grassani; Camille-Sophie Bres, 2017 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2017), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/ecoc.2017.8345862
Haiwei Zhang; Wei Shi; Liangcheng Duan; Quan Sheng; Shijie Fu; Jianquan Yao; Leping Wei; Weixu Zhang; Desheng Jiang; Wei Wang; Kenneth T. Grattan; Yanbiao Liao; Zi-Sen Zhao, AOPC 2017: Fiber Optic Sensing and Optical Communications (2017), p. 60 | DOI:10.1117/12.2284636
Muhammad Ummy; Simeon Bikorimana; Roger Dorsinville A Novel Technique for Designing High Power Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)-Based Tunable Fiber Compound-Ring Lasers Using Low Power Optical Components, Applied Sciences, Volume 7 (2017) no. 5, p. 478 | DOI:10.3390/app7050478
Shunbin Wang; Chuanfei Yao; Zhixu Jia; Guanshi Qin; Weiping Qin 1887 nm lasing in Tm 3+ -doped TeO 2 -BaF 2 -Y 2 O 3 glass microstructured fibers, Optical Materials, Volume 66 (2017), p. 640 | DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2017.03.019
M.B.H. Mahyuddin; A.A. Latiff; M.F.M. Rusdi; N. Irawati; S.W. Harun Quantum dot cadmium selenide as a saturable absorber for Q-switched and mode-locked double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber lasers, Optics Communications, Volume 397 (2017), p. 147 | DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2017.04.010
Ludovic P. Thobois; Raghavendra Krishnamurthy; Jean-Pierre Cariou; Jean Pierre Nicolaon, 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference (2016) | DOI:10.2514/6.2016-3273
Hao Zhu; Lingbing Bu; Haiyang Gao; Xingyou Huang; Wentao Zhang Applications of Cell-Ratio Constant False-Alarm Rate Method in Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar, Atmosphere, Volume 7 (2016) no. 12, p. 165 | DOI:10.3390/atmos7120165
A. A. Latiff; A. Dhar; S. W. Harun; I. M. Babar; S. Das; M. C. Paul; H. Ahmad Dual-Wavelength Holmium-Doped Fiber Laser Pumped by Thulium–Ytterbium Co-Doped Fiber Laser, Chinese Physics Letters, Volume 33 (2016) no. 5, p. 054202 | DOI:10.1088/0256-307x/33/5/054202
G. Canat; B. Augère; C. Besson; A. Dolfi-Bouteyre; A. Durécu; D. Goular; J. Le Gouët; L. Lombard; C. Planchat; M. Valla, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (2016), p. AM3K.4 | DOI:10.1364/cleo_at.2016.am3k.4
S. Chaitanya Kumar; M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (2016), p. JTu5A.54 | DOI:10.1364/cleo_at.2016.jtu5a.54
Sameh Abdelazim; David Santoro; Mark Arend; Fred Moshary; Sam Ahmed; B. Gross; F. Moshary; M. Arend Signal to Noise Ratio Characterization of Coherent Doppler Lidar Backscattered Signals, EPJ Web of Conferences, Volume 119 (2016), p. 17014 | DOI:10.1051/epjconf/201611917014
Chuanfei Yao; Zhixu Jia; Chunfeng He; Shunbin Wang; Lei Zhang; Yan Feng; Yasutake Ohishi; Guanshi Qin; Weiping Qin 2.074- Lasing From Ho3+-Doped Fluorotellurite Microstructured Fibers Pumped by a 1120-nm Laser, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Volume 28 (2016) no. 10, p. 1084 | DOI:10.1109/lpt.2016.2530358
Makoto Aoki; Hironori Iwai; Katsuhiro Nakagawa; Shoken Ishii; Kohei Mizutani Measurements of Rainfall Velocity and Raindrop Size Distribution Using Coherent Doppler Lidar, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Volume 33 (2016) no. 9, p. 1949 | DOI:10.1175/jtech-d-15-0111.1
Deepak Jain; Jayanta K. Sahu Large Mode Area Single Trench Fiber for 2 μm Operation, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Volume 34 (2016) no. 14, p. 3412 | DOI:10.1109/jlt.2016.2569664
S. Chaitanya Kumar; M. Ebrahim‐Zadeh Yb‐fiber‐based, high‐average‐power, high‐repetition‐rate, picosecond source at 2.1 µm, Laser Photonics Reviews, Volume 10 (2016) no. 6, p. 970 | DOI:10.1002/lpor.201600087
Claudine Besson; Agnes Dolfi-Bouteyre; Anne Durecu; Julien Le Gouet; Laurent Lombard; Guillaume Canat, Lasers Congress 2016 (ASSL, LSC, LAC) (2016), p. LW3B.3 | DOI:10.1364/lsc.2016.lw3b.3
Nikita Simakov; Zhihong Li; Yongmin Jung; Jae M. O. Daniel; Pranabesh Barua; Peter C. Shardlow; Sijing Liang; Jayanta K. Sahu; Alexander Hemming; W. Andrew Clarkson; Shaif-Ul Alam; David J. Richardson High gain holmium-doped fibre amplifiers, Optics Express, Volume 24 (2016) no. 13, p. 13946 | DOI:10.1364/oe.24.013946
Xi Cheng; Zhihong Li; Jing Hou; Zejin Liu Gain-switched monolithic fiber laser with ultra-wide tuning range at 2 μm, Optics Express, Volume 24 (2016) no. 25, p. 29126 | DOI:10.1364/oe.24.029126
Ludovic P. Thobois, 15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (2015) | DOI:10.2514/6.2015-3399
Sameh Abdelazim; David Santoro; Mark F. Arend; Fred Moshary; Sam Ahmed Development and Operational Analysis of an All-Fiber Coherent Doppler Lidar System for Wind Sensing and Aerosol Profiling, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 53 (2015) no. 12, p. 6495 | DOI:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2442955
Upendra N. Singh; Doina N. Nicolae; L. Lombard; A. Dolfi-Bouteyre; C. Besson; B. Augère; P. Bourdon; A. Durécu; D. Goular; J. Le Gouët; C. Planchat; W. Renard; M. Valla; G. Canat, Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing XI, Volume 9645 (2015), p. 96450B | DOI:10.1117/12.2197350
Ivan Kadar; S. Abdelazim; D. Santoro; M. Arend; F. Moshary; S. Ahmed, Signal Processing, Sensor/Information Fusion, and Target Recognition XXIV, Volume 9474 (2015), p. 94741B | DOI:10.1117/12.2176897
Nikita Simakov; Alexander Hemming; John Haub; Adrian Carter, 2014 The European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2014), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/ecoc.2014.6964229
Alexander Hemming; Nikita Simakov; John Haub; Adrian Carter, Advanced Solid State Lasers (2014), p. ATu1A.1 | DOI:10.1364/assl.2014.atu1a.1
Xin Zhang; Weifeng Diao; Yuan Liu; Xiaopeng Zhu; Yan Yang; Jiqiao Liu; Xia Hou; Weibiao Chen Eye-safe single-frequency single-mode polarized all-fiber pulsed laser with peak power of 361 W, Applied Optics, Volume 53 (2014) no. 11, p. 2465 | DOI:10.1364/ao.53.002465
Xin Zhang; Weifeng Diao; Yuan Liu; Jiqiao Liu; Xia Hou; Weibiao Chen Single-frequency polarized eye-safe all-fiber laser with peak power over kilowatt, Applied Physics B, Volume 115 (2014) no. 1, p. 123 | DOI:10.1007/s00340-013-5582-3
W. Renard; D. Goular; M. Valla; C. Planchat; B. Augère; A. Dolfi-Bouteyre; C. Besson; G. Canat, CLEO: 2014 (2014), p. AW1P.5 | DOI:10.1364/cleo_at.2014.aw1p.5
Alexander Hemming; Nikita Simakov; John Haub; Adrian Carter A review of recent progress in holmium-doped silica fibre sources, Optical Fiber Technology, Volume 20 (2014) no. 6, p. 621 | DOI:10.1016/j.yofte.2014.08.010
G. Canat; W. Renard; E. Lucas; L. Lombard; J. Le Gouët; A. Durécu; P. Bourdon; S. Bordais; Y. Jaouën Eyesafe high peak power pulsed fiber lasers limited by fiber nonlinearity, Optical Fiber Technology, Volume 20 (2014) no. 6, p. 678 | DOI:10.1016/j.yofte.2014.06.010
Leilei Shinohara; Julian Asche Tauscher; Thorsten Beuth; Nico Heussner; Maik Fox; Harsha Umesh Babu; Wilhelm Stork Optical system design and experimental evaluation of a coherent Doppler wind Lidar system for the predictive control of wind turbine, Optical Review, Volume 21 (2014) no. 5, p. 698 | DOI:10.1007/s10043-014-0113-y
H. Hoogland; S. Wittek; W. Hänsel; S. Stark; R. Holzwarth Fiber chirped pulse amplifier at 208 μm emitting 383-fs pulses at 10 nJ and 7 MHz, Optics Letters, Volume 39 (2014) no. 23, p. 6735 | DOI:10.1364/ol.39.006735
E. Branlard; A. T. Pedersen; J. Mann; N. Angelou; A. Fischer; T. Mikkelsen; M. Harris; C. Slinger; B. F. Montes Retrieving wind statistics from average spectrum of continuous-wave lidar, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Volume 6 (2013) no. 7, p. 1673 | DOI:10.5194/amt-6-1673-2013
Nikita Simakov; Alexander Hemming; W. Andrew Clarkson; John Haub; Adrian Carter A cladding-pumped, tunable holmium doped fiber laser, Optics Express, Volume 21 (2013) no. 23, p. 28415 | DOI:10.1364/oe.21.028415
Alexander Hemming; Shayne Bennetts; Nikita Simakov; Alan Davidson; John Haub; Adrian Carter High power operation of cladding pumped holmium-doped silica fibre lasers, Optics Express, Volume 21 (2013) no. 4, p. 4560 | DOI:10.1364/oe.21.004560
F. Yang; Z. Q. Pan; Q. Ye; D. J. Chen; H. W. Cai; R. H. Qu Effect of active fiber birefringence on polarization properties of DBR all-fiber laser, Laser Physics, Volume 22 (2012) no. 4, p. 778 | DOI:10.1134/s1054660x12040287
Fei Yang; Qing Ye; Zhengqing Pan; Dijun Chen; Haiwen Cai; Ronghui Qu; Zhongmin Yang; Qinyuan Zhang 100-mW linear polarization single-frequency all-fiber seed laser for coherent Doppler lidar application, Optics Communications, Volume 285 (2012) no. 2, p. 149 | DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.09.030
Matthew C. Heintze; Nick W. H. Chang; Francois Jeanneret; Jesper Munch; David J. Ottaway; Peter J. Veitch Single-pulse measurement of wind velocities using an Er:Yb:glass coherent laser radar, Applied Optics, Volume 50 (2011) no. 21, p. 4017 | DOI:10.1364/ao.50.004017
Norbert Modsching; Pankaj Kadwani; R. Andrew Sims; Lasse Leick; Jes Broeng; Lawrence Shah; Martin Richardson Lasing in thulium-doped polarizing photonic crystal fiber, Optics Letters, Volume 36 (2011) no. 19, p. 3873 | DOI:10.1364/ol.36.003873
Y. Tian; J.Q. Zhao; W. Gao; W. Wang; Y.Z. Wang Narrow line-width Tm3+doped double-clad silica fiber laser based on in-line cascade biconical tapers filter, Laser Physics Letters, Volume 7 (2010) no. 4, p. 298 | DOI:10.1002/lapl.200910142
Wei Shi; Eliot B. Petersen; Zhidong Yao; Dan T. Nguyen; Jie Zong; Mark A. Stephen; Arturo Chavez-Pirson; N. Peyghambarian Kilowatt-level stimulated-Brillouin-scattering-threshold monolithic transform-limited 100 ns pulsed fiber laser at 1530 nm, Optics Letters, Volume 35 (2010) no. 14, p. 2418 | DOI:10.1364/ol.35.002418
Zhengqing Pan; Haiwen Cai; Li Meng; Qinfeng Xu; Jianxin Geng; Zujie Fang; Ronghui Qu, 2009 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (2009), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/oecc.2009.5218248
Y. Z. Wang; Y. Tian; Y. J. Zhang; B. Q. Yao; Y. L. Ju High efficient Tm3+ doped double cladding silica fiber laser with an intracavity biconical taper, Laser Physics, Volume 19 (2009) no. 11, p. 2129 | DOI:10.1134/s1054660x09210117
Y. Z. Wang; Y. Tian; Y. J. Zhang; B. Q. Yao; Y. L. Ju Efficiency improvement of multimode Tm3+ doped double cladding silica fiber laser by in-line biconical tapers, Laser Physics, Volume 19 (2009) no. 12, p. 2184 | DOI:10.1134/s1054660x09230042
Guillaume Canat; Laurent Lombard; Agnès Dolfi; Matthieu Valla; Christophe Planchat; Béatrice Augère; Pierre Bourdon; Véronique Jolivet; Claudine Besson; Yves Jaouën; Sylvia Jetschke; Sonia Unger; Johanes Kirchhof; Evguenii Gueorguiev; Christophe Vitre High Brightness 1.5 μm Pulsed Fiber Laser for Lidar: From Fibers to Systems, Fiber and Integrated Optics, Volume 27 (2008) no. 5, p. 422 | DOI:10.1080/01468030802269431
G. Canat; S. Jetschke; S. Unger; L. Lombard; P. Bourdon; J. Kirchhof; V. Jolivet; A. Dolfi; O. Vasseur Multifilament-core fibers for high energy pulse amplification at 15 μm with excellent beam quality, Optics Letters, Volume 33 (2008) no. 22, p. 2701 | DOI:10.1364/ol.33.002701
G. Canat; L. Lombard; A. Durecu; V Jolivet; P. Bourdon; S. Jetschke; S. Unger; J. Kirchhof; H.-R. Muller, 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (2007), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/cleo.2007.4452924

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