Comptes Rendus
no. 5
Fourier and the science of today / Fourier et la science d'aujourd'hui
Fourier at the heart of computer music: From harmonic sounds to texture
[Fourier au cœur de la musique par ordinateur : des sons harmoniques à la texture]
Vincent Lostanlen1  ; Joakim Andén2  ; Mathieu Lagrange3
1 Music and Audio Research Lab, New York University, New York, NY, USA
2 Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
3 LS2N, CNRS, École centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 5, pp. 461-473.

Au-delà de son apport théorique dans le domaine de la conduction thermique, le mémoire de Joseph Fourier sur la Théorie analytique de la chaleur (1822) a révolutionné notre conception des ondes sonores. Ce mémoire affirme que toute fonction de période unitaire se décompose en une série de sinusoïdes, chacune représentant une propriété essentielle du phénomène périodique étudié. En acoustique, cette décomposition révèle les modes de résonance d'une corde vibrante. Ainsi, l'introduction des séries de Fourier a ouvert de nouveaux horizons en matière de modélisation du timbre musical, un sujet qui prendra une importance cruciale à partir des années 1960, avec les débuts de la musique par ordinateur. Cet article propose de thématiser l'œuvre de Joseph Fourier à la lumière de ses implications en recherche musicale. Nous retraçons d'abord le changement de paradigme que les séries de Fourier ont opéré en acoustique, supplantant un mode de pensée fondé sur les consonances du monocorde pythagoricien. Par la suite, nous soulignons l'intérêt du paradigme de Fourier à travers trois problèmes pratiques en analyse-synthèse : l'imitation d'instruments de musique, la transposition fréquentielle, et la génération de textures sonores. Chacun de ses trois problèmes convoque une perspective différente sur la dualité temps–fréquence, et suscite un dialogue multidisciplinaire entre recherche et création qui est toujours d'actualité.

Beyond the scope of thermal conduction, Joseph Fourier's treatise on the Analytical Theory of Heat (1822) profoundly altered our understanding of acoustic waves. It posits that any function of unit period can be decomposed into a sum of sinusoids, whose respective contributions represent some essential property of the underlying periodic phenomenon. In acoustics, such a decomposition reveals the resonant modes of a freely vibrating string. The introduction of Fourier series thus opened new research avenues on the modeling of musical timbre—a topic that was to become of crucial importance in the 1960s with the advent of computer-generated sounds. This article proposes to revisit the scientific legacy of Joseph Fourier through the lens of computer music research. We first discuss how the Fourier series marked a paradigm shift in our understanding of acoustics, supplanting the theory of consonance of harmonics in the Pythagorean monochord. Then, we highlight the utility of Fourier's paradigm via three practical problems in analysis–synthesis: the imitation of musical instruments, frequency transposition, and the generation of audio textures. Interestingly, each of these problems involves a different perspective on time–frequency duality, and stimulates a multidisciplinary interplay between research and creation that is still ongoing.

Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.005
Keywords: Fourier analysis, Computer music, Audio signal processing
Mot clés : Analyse de Fourier, Musique par ordinateur, Traitement du signal audio-numérique
Vincent Lostanlen 1 ; Joakim Andén 2 ; Mathieu Lagrange 3

1 Music and Audio Research Lab, New York University, New York, NY, USA
2 Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
3 LS2N, CNRS, École centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France 
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Vincent Lostanlen; Joakim Andén; Mathieu Lagrange. Fourier at the heart of computer music: From harmonic sounds to texture. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 5, pp. 461-473. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.005. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.005/

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