Effects of phenanthrene on seed germination and some physiological activities of wheat seedling

Haiying Wei; Shanjuan Song; Hongling Tian; Ting Liu

doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.005

Physiology/Physiologie

Effects of phenanthrene on seed germination and some physiological activities of wheat seedling

Haiying Wei ¹ ; Shanjuan Song ¹ ; Hongling Tian ² ; Ting Liu ¹

¹ College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
² Institute of Cash Crop, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiaonanguan Road, Fengyang 032200, Shanxi, China

Comptes Rendus. Biologies, Volume 337 (2014) no. 2, pp. 95-100.

Résumé

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the highly persistent organic pollutants, and they are toxic to plants and other living organisms, including human beings. To analyze the response of higher plant to PAHs, we investigated the effects of phenanthrene (PHE) on seed germination and various physiological changes of wheat seedlings. Specifically, we investigated growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), activities of antioxidant enzymes and H₂O₂ accumulation. The results showed that PHE inhibited seed germination, affected the growth and chlorophyll level of wheat seedlings. Furthermore, PHE elevated the levels of LPO and induced H₂O₂ accumulation in leaf tissues in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by the changes in the antioxidant status. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), displayed a decreasing trend with the increasing of PHE concentration. The results indicated that PHE could exert oxidative damages in the early development stage of wheat and the harmfulness occurred mainly in samples with higher concentrations of PHE.

Métadonnées

Reçu le : 2013-10-02
Accepté le : 2013-11-17
Publié le : 2013-12-28

PMID

DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.005

Mots-clés : Phenanthrene, Wheat, Physiological activities, Germination

Affiliations des auteurs :

Haiying Wei ¹ ; Shanjuan Song ¹ ; Hongling Tian ² ; Ting Liu ¹

¹ College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
² Institute of Cash Crop, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiaonanguan Road, Fengyang 032200, Shanxi, China

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     number = {2},
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     language = {en},
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Haiying Wei; Shanjuan Song; Hongling Tian; Ting Liu. Effects of phenanthrene on seed germination and some physiological activities of wheat seedling. Comptes Rendus. Biologies, Volume 337 (2014) no. 2, pp. 95-100. doi : 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.005. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.005/

Version originale du texte intégral

Le texte intégral ci-dessous peut contenir quelques erreurs de conversion par rapport à la version officielle de l'article publié.

1 Introduction

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties [1,2]. PAHs are mainly produced from incomplete combustion of organic materials and fossil fuel, and they exist in the different environmental matrices, including soil, water, and sediment [3–6]. They are persistent in various environmental media and enter the plants through their leaf and/or root systems. Subsequently, they are transferred to the food chains and threaten human health [5,7]. Therefore, an improved understanding of PAHs toxic mechanism is essential for the assessment of the risk of PAHs exposure.

Recently, the toxic effects of PAHs on plants have been extensively documented [8–12]. It has been reported that PAHs inhibited the growth of plants, caused a decrease in the photosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and even led to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage in plants [13–15]. The degree of toxicity varies with the kind of PAHs and the species of plants [12,16]. Liu et al. [14] suggested that excessive production of ROS in plants was a biochemical response to PAHs. In general, oxidation of PAHs results in the generation of ROS, which in turn causes oxidative stress and subsequent damage to plant cells. However, plants have enzymatic systems, including free radical scavengers, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) [17]. When the elevated levels of ROS exceed the levels that the antioxidant systems can handle, the damage may occur. Thus, it is important to understand the responses of plant system to environmental stress by determining the occurrence of oxidative damages and the changes in antioxidant enzymes’ activities in plant.

Although many studies have been published on PHE's phytotoxicity against different plants, less attention has been paid to seed germination and growth of wheat seedlings. Wheat is one of the main grains in China. Its quality directly affects people's life and food security [18]. Thus, to get a better insight into the mechanism of PAHs toxicology on wheat is essential to an effective environmental management. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of PHE on seed germination and growth of wheat seedlings. Variations of the activities of SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), the content of chlorophyll, and malondiadehyde (MDA) in wheat seedlings were detected, and the probable mechanisms were discussed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant materials and growth conditions

Authentic wheat seeds were obtained from the Institute of Agriculture Science in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China. The wheat (Yunmai 494) seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl₂ for 10 min, and soaked in water for 12 h. Then, the seeds were randomly divided into four groups, with each group consisting of at least 100 seeds and transplanted in 30-cm diameter Petri dishes with two filter papers. Seeds were exposed to PHE in three different concentrations. The negative control group was exposed to distilled water for the same time period. The treatment was replicated three times. All of the test groups were maintained in an incubator at 25 ± 1 °C under a dark/light cycle (14/10 h). Plants were fertilized daily with water and Hoagland′s nutrient solution. The germination rate would be counted after seven days. Seedlings were harvested after 15 days for biochemical and physiological studies, and the leaf samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 °C.

2.2 PHE preparation and treatment application

PHE (Sigma, 98% purity) was initially dissolved in acetone and then diluted with MilliQ water to get final concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL (acetone:water, v:v = 1:1000). Then, three groups of seeds were sprayed with each concentration of freshly prepared PHE. Control seeds were sprayed with MilliQ water containing equal concentrations of acetone. The concentration of acetone used in the current experiment was lower than 0.5%, which had been reported as having no negative effects on tomato seedlings [15].

2.3 Germination energy, germination rate and length of root and stem

The number of germinated seeds on the seventh day after initiation was defined as the germination rate. After fifteen days of growth, the roots and stem lengths of 100 seedlings in each group were randomly measured. Three replicates were conducted from each experimental unit.

2.4 Chlorophyll content measurements

A fresh leaf sample (0.2 g) was pulverized with distilled water and the homogenate was extracted using 80% acetone. Chlorophyll a (chl a) and chlorophyll b (chl b) were determined by spectrophotometry according to the procedure of Sang et al. [19].

2.5 Determination of enzyme activity

For the extraction of enzymes, 0.5 g of the leaf tissues was homogenized in 5 mL of an ice-cooled phosphate buffered solution (0.05 M, pH 7.8) containing 0.2 M EDTA and 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone (w/v). The homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4 °C for 20 min. The supernatant was used immediately to determine the enzyme activity and the contents of MDA and H₂O₂.

SOD activity was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) spectrophotometry [20]. One unit of SOD activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to cause 50% inhibition of reduction of NBT as monitored at 560 nm and the enzymes activity was expressed as U·(g FW)⁻¹.

CAT activity was tested through the absorbance decrease at 240 nm using the ultraviolet absorbance method [21]. Results were expressed as U (min g FW)⁻¹.

GPX activity was determined according to the method of Lawrence and Burk [22]. The reaction mixture contained the enzyme extract, 0.2 mM NADPH, 1 mM sodium azide (pH 7.0), 1 mM GSH, 1 U glutathione reductase and 2 mM H₂O₂. The reaction was initiated by adding H₂O₂ and the absorbance was measured at 340 nm. One unit of GPX activity was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 1 μmol of NADPH per minute [23].

2.6 Measurement of H₂O₂

The formation of H₂O₂ was measured colorimetrically as described by Ishida et al. [24]. The homogenate supernatant was incubated in 2 mL (24 h) or 5 mL (48 h) of the reaction mixture containing 50 mM Na-acetate buffer (pH 6.5), 1 mM 4-aminoantipyrine, 1 mM 2,4-dichlorophenol, 50 mM MnCl₂, and 0.2 mM NADH. The increase in absorbance was measured at 510 nm.

2.7 Determination of the MDA content

The MDA content was determined according to the method of Draper and Hadley [25]. Then, 0.2 g stems were homogenized in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min. An amount of 200 μL of homogenate supernatant were mixed with 0.8 mL of 0.5% (w/v) thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 20% TCA, then put in a boiling water-bath for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 532 nm. The value for non-specific absorbance at 600 nm was subtracted.

2.8 Statistical analysis

Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). The statistical differences (0.05) among the negative control and a series of treated groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

3 Results

3.1 Effects of PHE on seed germination and growth of wheat seedlings

3.1.1 Germination energy and germination rate of wheat

The germination rate may reflect the reaction rate of plant seeds to their living conditions. From Fig. 1, it can be seen that germination energy and germination rate decreased with increasing PHE concentration. The germination rate was 62.5% with 0.05 mg/mL PHE, and it showed a poor germination rate with high concentrations (0.2 mg/mL). The germination energy reduced significantly by 68%. Correlation analysis indicated that germination energy and rate are strongly correlated with PHE concentration (r = 0.95 and 0.93).

Fig. 1
Effects of PHE on wheat germination at different concentrations.

3.1.2 Length of root and stem

Fig. 2 shows root and stem lengths. With increasing the PHE content from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/mL, the root length decreased by 61.42%, 78.24%, and 89.10%, and the stem length decreased by 54.12%, 61.73%, and 68.26%, respectively. According to statistical analysis, PHE had a significant adverse effect on root length, stem length at all concentrations (P < 0.05 or 0.01).

Fig. 2
Effects of PHE on the root and stem length of wheat seedlings. The root length and stem length of 100 seedlings from each treatment were randomly measured. Data represent the mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 vs control.

3.2 Effects of PHE on physiological activities in leaf tissues of wheat seedlings

3.2.1 Content of chlorophyll

The effects of PHE on chlorophyll levels in the leaf tissue were shown in Table 1. After 15 days of exposure, the chlorophyll contents decreased with increasing PHE concentration, but responses of chlorophyll a and b to various levels of PHE were different. The chlorophyll a content began to decrease at low concentrations and the contents were 92.5% and 81.31% of the control values after being treated with 0.05 mg/mL and 0.10 mg/mL PHE. When the PHE concentration rose to 0.2 mg/mL, a distinct decrease of chlorophyll a was observed, and the content was reduced to 52.33% of the control.

Phenanthrene concentration (mg/mL)	Chlorophyll a	Chlorophyll b
0	1.07 ± 0.01	0.32 ± 0.00
0.05	1.00 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.01
0.10	0.87 ± 0.01^**	0.29 ± 0.01^*
0.20	0.56 ± 0.01^**	0.16 ± 0.02^*

A similar trend was observed for chlorophyll b after PHE exposure. However, at the same concentration levels, the changes in chlorophyll a were more dramatic than those in chlorophyll b. For example, when the PHE concentration was 0.05 mg/mL, the chlorophyll b content was the same as that in the control. When the concentration of PHE reached 0.10 mg/mL, the chlorophyll b content was 90.6% of the control values.

3.2.2 Activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX

The activity changes of CAT, SOD and GPX in the leaf tissues after the treatment of PHE were shown in Fig. 3. The SOD activities in the samples declined with increasing PHE concentration with relative activities of 171.03, 99.01, 91.10 and 82.30 U (g FW)⁻¹, respectively (Fig. 3a) There were significant differences between the control and the sample treated with 0.2 mg/mL (P < 0.05).

Fig. 3
Effects of PHE on the activities of SOD (a), CAT (b) and GPX (c) in the leaf tissues of wheat seedling. Data represent the mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 vs control.

The responses of CAT to PHE were similar to the trends of SOD. At a low treatment concentration, the activity of CAT decreased slightly. At 0.1 mg/mL PHE, the CAT activity decreased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant compared to the control (P < 0.05). The decrease was more drastic with a 0.2 mg/mL PHE treatment (Fig. 3b).

The activities of GPX in the sample treated with PHE were promoted at a low concentration, and then decline. The GPX activity increased up to 125.76% of the control with a 0.05 mg/mL exposure group. With increasing the exposure PHE concentration, GPX activities decreased, and the values were 88.75% and 71.30% of the control. However, there were no significant differences between the control and PHE treatments (P > 0.05) (Fig. 3 c).

3.2.3 MDA content and H₂O₂ accumulation in leaf tissues of wheat

MDA was measured as an important parameter in evaluating the oxidative stress induced by PHE. In leaf tissues of wheat seedlings treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL, the lipid peroxidation level increased and the effect reached statistical significance with the 0.05 mg/mL treatment (P < 0.05) (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
Effects of PHE on the MDA content in the leaf tissues of wheat seedling. Data represent the mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 vs control.

As compared to the control, H₂O₂ increased up to 123%, 160% and 243% of the control, respectively, when treated with 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL PHE. A significant increase was found for the treatment with 0.05 mg/mL PHE compared to the control (P < 0.05) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
H₂O₂ accumulation in the leaf tissues of wheat seedling in different PHE treatments. Data represent the mean ± SD.

4 Discussion

PAHs are a large class of compounds with toxicity toward animal and plants. It exerts adverse effects on morphology, growth, photosynthetic process of the plants, and causes inhibition of enzyme activities [11,12,15,26]. Seed germination has often been used as a physiological index to examine the effects of PAHs on plants. A number of reports have showed the inhibitory and toxicity of different PAHs on the seed germination and seedling growth of some plants, and they are regarded as general responses associated with PAHs toxicity [27]. The present work is to unravel the responses of wheat to PHE with a particular focus on seed germination, morphological and physiological indicators of oxidative stress. In this study, wheat materials were exposed to a PHE solution, which effectively avoided the effects of temperature, pH and some other factors linked to soil treatment. Therefore, the results were exact and creditable, and they could reflect the toxic effect of PHE on the plants.

PHE treatment affected growth and chlorophyll content in wheat seedlings; these effects varied as functions of PHE concentration. The decreased root, stem length and chlorophyll content after PHE treatment in different concentrations, which might be a result of the hormetic effect that has been reported in other plants [11,12,14,15,28]. Normally, plants have their stress defense, but environmental pollutants decrease the ability of plants. Thus, PHE inhibited the growth and chlorophyll content of wheat seedlings in our study, which might result from the damage suffered by the defense system.

Several enzymes, like SOD, CAT and GPX, play important roles during seed germination. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) were tested under the same treatment conditions. SOD is the first defense against ROS as it can act on superoxide radicals, which were produced under stress conditions. It catalyzes the dismutation reaction of O₂^−• into H₂O₂ and O₂ [29]. CAT is the primary H₂O₂ scavenging enzyme in plant cells [23]. GPX catalyzes the reduction of H₂O₂ and lipid peroxides using GSH as an electron donor [30]. PHE induced a decrease in SOD, CAT activities and GPX activities and the ability of H₂O₂ scavenging, which resulted in lipid peroxidation.

MDA is the production of lipid peroxidation, generally the amount of MDA reflects the lipid peroxidation level in plants exposed to different environmental stresses [31]. In this study, PHE caused a significant increase of the MDA content throughout the treatment range in wheat seedlings. At the same time, an increased accumulation of H₂O₂ was observed and occurred in a dose-dependent manner. These observations suggest that the accumulation of ROS may have exceeded the capacity of the plants’ antioxidant systems, and the activities of SOD, CAT and GPX were decreased, and lipid peroxidation has occurred. Finally, the cellular membrane damage is unavoidable, especially at high PHE concentrations. This excess ROS accumulation may cause a reduction in germination, root and stem growth. ROS accumulation may contribute directly or indirectly to the decrease of chlorophyll levels [14].

The results of this study indicated that PHE's toxicity could be attributed to an oxidative stress by ROS, which was consistent with previous reports. In the future, further research about the molecular mechanism of PHE's toxicity should be carried out to elucidate the PAHs’ toxicity mechanism fully.

5 Conclusions

In conclusion, PHE treatment inhibited, especially at higher concentrations, the germination of wheat seed and caused the reduction of growth and chlorophyll content, an increase of MDA contents and a decline of many enzymes activities, such as SOD, CAT and GPX of wheat seedlings, which might be ascribed to excess ROS such as O₂^−• and H₂O₂ in plant cells, which were induced by PHE. The results indicated that PHE could provoke oxidative damages in the early development stage of wheat, which occurred mainly in samples exposed to higher concentrations of this compound.

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article.

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the National Nature Foundation of China (No. 21177078) and the International cooperation projects (No. 41211140241), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 2011011009-2).

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Kamila Lónová; Petr Kalousek; Marek Klemš; Helena Fišerová Changes in photosynthetic dispositions in pea plants caused by fluoranthene and flurochloridone: from the subcellular level to the anatomical changes, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, Volume 45 (2023) no. 1 | DOI:10.1007/s11738-022-03494-4
Uttarini Pathak; Patali Mogalapalli; Dalia Dasgupta Mandal; Tamal Mandal Biodegradation efficacy of coke oven wastewater inherent co-cultured novel sp. Alcaligenes faecalis JF339228 and Klebsiella oxytoca KF303807 on phenol and cyanide—kinetic and toxicity analysis, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Volume 13 (2023) no. 4, p. 2687 | DOI:10.1007/s13399-021-01323-1
Renata Charvet Inckot; Gedir de Oliveira dos Santos; Cleusa Bona; Luiz Antonio de Souza Germination and Post-Seminal Development of Mimosa L. (Fabaceae) in Diesel Oil-Contaminated Soil, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Volume 110 (2023) no. 1 | DOI:10.1007/s00128-022-03668-3
Longmiao Yuan; Yingqin Wu; Qiaohui Fan; Ping Li; Jianjun Liang; Yanhong Liu; Rong Ma; Ruijie Li; Leiping Shi Remediating petroleum hydrocarbons in highly saline–alkali soils using three native plant species, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 339 (2023), p. 117928 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117928
Haziq Hussain; Rehan Naeem; Baharullah Khattak; Zia ur Rehman; Niamat Khan; Muhammad Kamran Qureshi; Farah Deeba; Iftikhar Ali; Muhammad Daud Khan Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Maize Seedlings in Response to Bisphenol A Stress, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Volume 23 (2023) no. 4, p. 6551 | DOI:10.1007/s42729-023-01510-1
Abhaya Dayini Behera; Shreosi Chatterjee; Surajit Das Enzymatic degradation and metabolic pathway of phenanthrene by manglicolous filamentous fungus Trichoderma sp. CNSC-2, Microbiological Research, Volume 276 (2023), p. 127483 | DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2023.127483
Priyanka Sarkar; Moumita Maji; Monidipa Ghosh; Apurba Dey Kinetic modelling of high concentration 4-Nitrophenol biodegradation by an isolated bacterial consortium and post-treatment ecotoxicity analysis, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, Volume 41 (2022), p. 102316 | DOI:10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102316
Sushma Rani Tirkey; Shristi Ram; Madhusree Mitra; Sandhya Mishra Performance analysis of Pseudomonas sp. strain SA3 in naphthalene degradation using phytotoxicity and microcosm studies, Biodegradation, Volume 33 (2022) no. 2, p. 169 | DOI:10.1007/s10532-022-09972-3
Katalin Hubai; Nora Kováts; Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi; Bettina Eck-Varanka; András Hoffer; Ádám Tóth; Gábor Teke Phytotoxicity of particulate matter from controlled burning of different plastic waste types, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Volume 109 (2022) no. 5, p. 852 | DOI:10.1007/s00128-022-03581-9
Thara Seesaard; Neeraj Goel; Mahesh Kumar; Chatchawal Wongchoosuk Advances in gas sensors and electronic nose technologies for agricultural cycle applications, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 193 (2022), p. 106673 | DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2021.106673
Adam Gawryluk; Anna Stępniowska; Halina Lipińska Effect of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from drilling waste on germination and growth of lawn grasses, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 236 (2022), p. 113492 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113492
Nan Tao; Wenrui Zhang; Liang Si; Runqiang Zhang; Dan Wang; Changhong Guo Effects of aniline on growth, oxidative and DNA damage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings, Environmental Technology Innovation, Volume 28 (2022), p. 102583 | DOI:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102583
Armando Pacheco-Valenciana; Carlos Lopez-Ortiz; Purushothaman Natarajan; Thangasamy Saminathan; Padma Nimmakayala; Umesh K. Reddy Stress responses and comparative transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes exposed to BTEX compounds, Environmental and Experimental Botany, Volume 201 (2022), p. 104953 | DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.104953
Mengfan He; Zhongbao Li; Ping Mei Root exudate glycine synergistically promotes phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, Frontiers in Environmental Science, Volume 10 (2022) | DOI:10.3389/fenvs.2022.1033989
Lilian Gréau; Damien Blaudez; Dimitri Heintz; Julie Zumsteg; David Billet; Aurélie Cébron Response of Poplar and Associated Fungal Endophytic Communities to a PAH Contamination Gradient, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Volume 23 (2022) no. 11, p. 5909 | DOI:10.3390/ijms23115909
Ayyoub Sobhani; Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar; Rouhollah Motafakkerazad; Ali Movafeghi Uptake and Distribution of Phenanthrene and Pyrene in Roots and Shoots of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Volume 42 (2022) no. 2, p. 543 | DOI:10.1080/10406638.2020.1744166
Sarieh TARIGHOLIZADEH; Rouhollah MOTAFAKKERAZAD; Seyed Yahya SALEHI-LISAR; Elham MOHAJEL KAZEMI High resistance of Panicum miliaceum L. to phenanthrene toxicity based on growth response and antioxidant system assessment, Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Volume 117 (2021) no. 2 | DOI:10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.1987
Claudio Lagos; John Larsen; Alejandra Fuentes; Hector Herrera; Inmaculada García-Romera; Reinaldo Campos-Vargas; Cesar Arriagada Inoculation of Triticum Aestivum L. (Poaceae) with Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Alleviates Plant Oxidative Stress and Enhances Phenanthrene Dissipation in Soil, Agronomy, Volume 11 (2021) no. 3, p. 411 | DOI:10.3390/agronomy11030411
Fasih Ullah Haider; Mukkaram Ejaz; Sardar Alam Cheema; Muhammad Imran Khan; Baowei Zhao; Cai Liqun; Muhammad Arslan Salim; Muhammad Naveed; Naeem Khan; Avelino Núñez-Delgado; Adnan Mustafa Phytotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons: Sources, impacts and remediation strategies, Environmental Research, Volume 197 (2021), p. 111031 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111031
Sajid Ali; Muhammad Akbar Anjum; Aamir Nawaz; Safina Naz; Shaghef Ejaz; Shakeel Ahmad; Sajjad Hussain Role of reactive nitrogen species in mitigating organic pollutant–induced plant damages, Handbook of Bioremediation (2021), p. 493 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-819382-2.00031-4
Juan C. Hernández-Vega; Stephanie Langford; Daniel Acuña Hurtado; Brian Cady; Gilbert Kayanja; Noreen Okwara; Anthony Mauriello; Merianne Alkio; Adán Colón-Carmona Detoxification of phenanthrene in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a Dioxygenase For Auxin Oxidation 1 (AtDAO1), Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 342 (2021), p. 36 | DOI:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.013
Yanfang Feng; Huayong He; Lihong Xue; Yang Liu; Haijun Sun; Zhi Guo; Yueman Wang; Xuebo Zheng The inhibiting effects of biochar-derived organic materials on rice production, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 293 (2021), p. 112909 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112909
Manish Kumar; Nanthi S. Bolan; Son A. Hoang; Ankush D. Sawarkar; Tahereh Jasemizad; Bowen Gao; S. Keerthanan; Lokesh P. Padhye; Lal Singh; Sunil Kumar; Meththika Vithanage; Yang Li; Ming Zhang; M.B. Kirkham; Ajayan Vinu; Jörg Rinklebe Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade?, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 420 (2021), p. 126534 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534
Lázaro Molina; Ana Segura Biochemical and Metabolic Plant Responses toward Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals Present in Atmospheric Pollution, Plants, Volume 10 (2021) no. 11, p. 2305 | DOI:10.3390/plants10112305
Nahuel Spinedi; Romina Storb; Elisabet Aranda; Facundo Romani; Maya Svriz; Santiago A. Varela; Javier E. Moreno; Sebastian Fracchia; Juan Cabrera; Ramón Alberto Batista-García; Inés Ponce de León; J. Martín Scervino ROS-Scavenging Enzymes as an Antioxidant Response to High Concentration of Anthracene in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L, Plants, Volume 10 (2021) no. 7, p. 1478 | DOI:10.3390/plants10071478
Babita Kumari; Kriti Kriti; Geetgovind Sinam; Gayatri Singh; Nitanshi Jouhari; Navin Kumar; Ambedkar Gautam; Shekhar Mallick Comparative Assessment of PAHs Reduction in Soil by Growing Zea mays L. Augmented with Microbial Consortia and Fertilizer: Modulation in Uptake and Antioxidant Defense Response, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Volume 41 (2021) no. 8, p. 1694 | DOI:10.1080/10406638.2019.1694544
Mahdieh Houshani; Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar Agronomic Crop Responses and Tolerance to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Toxicity, Agronomic Crops (2020), p. 265 | DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_15
Shila Khajavi-Shojaei; Abdolamir Moezzi; Naeimeh Enayatizamir; Babak Mokhtari Biodegradation and phytotoxicity assessment of phenanthrene by biosurfactant-producing Bacillus pumilus 1529 bacteria, Chemistry and Ecology, Volume 36 (2020) no. 5, p. 396 | DOI:10.1080/02757540.2020.1754807
Yuan Luo; Jie Liang; Guangming Zeng; Yafei Zhang; Xiaojuan Cheng; Longbo Jiang; Wenle Xing; Ning Tang Revealing the active period and type of tetracycline stress on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) during seed germination and post-germination, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 27 (2020) no. 10, p. 11443 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-08119-2
S. Asghari; F. Rajabi; R. Tarrahi; S. Y. Salehi-Lisar; S. Asnaashari; Y. Omidi; Ali Movafeghi Potential of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris to fight against fluorene contamination: evaluation of antioxidant systems and identification of intermediate biodegradation compounds, Journal of Applied Phycology, Volume 32 (2020) no. 1, p. 411 | DOI:10.1007/s10811-019-01921-7
Yang Yun; Liyan Liang; Yue Wei; Zhiding Luo; Fuqiang Yuan; Guangke Li; Nan Sang Exposure to Nitro-PAHs interfere with germination and early growth of Hordeum vulgare via oxidative stress, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 180 (2019), p. 756 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.032
Yuan Luo; Jie Liang; Guangming Zeng; Xiaodong Li; Ming Chen; Longbo Jiang; Wenle Xing; Ning Tang Responses of seeds of typical Brassica crops to tetracycline stress: Sensitivity difference and source analysis, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 184 (2019), p. 109597 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109597
Yu Shen; Jinfeng Li; Ruochen Gu; Xinhua Zhan; Baoshan Xing Proteomic analysis for phenanthrene-elicited wheat chloroplast deformation, Environment International, Volume 123 (2019), p. 273 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.074
Yuan Luo; Jie Liang; Guangming Zeng; Xiaodong Li; Ming Chen; Longbo Jiang; Wenle Xing; Ning Tang; Yilong Fang; Xuwu Chen Evaluation of tetracycline phytotoxicity by seed germination stage and radicle elongation stage tests: A comparison of two typical methods for analysis, Environmental Pollution, Volume 251 (2019), p. 257 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.005
Rupal Singh Tomar; Bhupendra Singh; Anjana Jajoo Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress (2019), p. 1 | DOI:10.1002/9781119501800.ch1
Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram; Panneerselvan Logeshwaran; Robin Lockington; Ravi Naidu; Mallavarapu Megharaj Impact of plant photosystems in the remediation of benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene spiked soils, Chemosphere, Volume 193 (2018), p. 625 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.081
L. Paikhomba Singha; Nibedita Sinha; Piyush Pandey Rhizoremediation prospects of Polyaromatic hydrocarbon degrading rhizobacteria, that facilitate glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase mediated stress response, and enhance growth of rice plants in pyrene contaminated soil, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 164 (2018), p. 579 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.069
Vivekananda Mandal; Kavi Bhushan Singh Chouhan; Roshni Tandey; Kamal Kumar Sen; Harneet Kaur Kala; Rajendra Mehta Critical analysis and mapping of research trends and impact assessment of polyaromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in leaves: let history tell the future, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 25 (2018) no. 23, p. 22464 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-2578-x
Ali Ebadi; Nayer Azam Khoshkholgh Sima; Mohsen Olamaee; Maryam Hashemi; Reza Ghorbani Nasrabadi Remediation of saline soils contaminated with crude oil using the halophyte Salicornia persica in conjunction with hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 219 (2018), p. 260 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.115
Nan Tao; Guanyi Liu; Lu Bai; Lu Tang; Changhong Guo Genotoxicity and growth inhibition effects of aniline on wheat, Chemosphere, Volume 169 (2017), p. 467 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.063
Minling Gao; Youming Dong; Ze Zhang; Wenhua Song; Yun Qi Growth and antioxidant defense responses of wheat seedlings to di-n-butyl phthalate and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate stress, Chemosphere, Volume 172 (2017), p. 418 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.034
Biao Song; Guangming Zeng; Jilai Gong; Peng Zhang; Jiaqin Deng; Canhui Deng; Jin Yan; Piao Xu; Cui Lai; Chen Zhang; Min Cheng Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on phytotoxicity of sediments contaminated by phenanthrene and cadmium, Chemosphere, Volume 172 (2017), p. 449 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.032
Ying Liu; Li Ya Ma; Yi Chen Lu; Shuang Shuang Jiang; Hong Jin Wu; Hong Yang Comprehensive analysis of degradation and accumulation of ametryn in soils and in wheat, maize, ryegrass and alfalfa plants, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 140 (2017), p. 264 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.053
Shramana Roy Barman; Priya Banerjee; Aniruddha Mukhopadhayay; Papita Das Biodegradation of acenapthene and naphthalene by Pseudomonas mendocina : Process optimization, and toxicity evaluation, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Volume 5 (2017) no. 5, p. 4803 | DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.012
Juan C. Hernández-Vega; Brian Cady; Gilbert Kayanja; Anthony Mauriello; Natalie Cervantes; Andrea Gillespie; Lisa Lavia; Joshua Trujillo; Merianne Alkio; Adán Colón-Carmona Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a putative flavonol synthase, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 321 (2017), p. 268 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.058
Lina Zhou; Mengjie Xia; Li Wang; Hui Mao Toxic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Chemosphere, Volume 159 (2016), p. 420 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.045
Xiao Chen; Hongbing Li; Xiaoyan Liu; Xinying Zhang; Xia Liang; Chiquan He; Liya Cao Combined remediation of pyrene-contaminated soil with a coupled system of persulfate oxidation and phytoremediation with ryegrass, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 23 (2016) no. 20, p. 20672 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-7311-z
Chaitanya Kumar Jha; Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari; Meenu Saraf Emergence of Methylobacterium spp. as Potential Organism in Agroecosystems, Bacterial Metabolites in Sustainable Agroecosystem, Volume 12 (2015), p. 53 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-24654-3_3
Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar; Somayeh Deljoo; Manuel Tejada Moral The physiological effect of fluorene on Triticum aestivum, Medicago sativa, and Helianthus annus, Cogent Food Agriculture, Volume 1 (2015) no. 1, p. 1020189 | DOI:10.1080/23311932.2015.1020189
Liliana Márquez-Benavides; Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez Evaluación del Índice de Contaminación de Lixiviados de Relleno Sanitario y Efecto fitotoxico en la Germinación y Plántula de Phaseolus vulgaris L., Journal of the Selva Andina Research Society, Volume 5 (2014) no. 1, p. 13 | DOI:10.36610/j.jsars.2014.050100013
Valeria Ventorino; Filomena Sannino; Alessandro Piccolo; Valeria Cafaro; Rita Carotenuto; Olimpia Pepe Methylobacterium populiVP2: Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Isolated from a Highly Polluted Environment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Biodegradation, The Scientific World Journal, Volume 2014 (2014), p. 1 | DOI:10.1155/2014/931793

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