Near-critical fluid hydrodynamics

Bernard Zappoli

doi:10.1016/j.crme.2003.05.001

Near-critical fluid hydrodynamics
[L'hydrodynamique des fluides critiques]

Bernard Zappoli ^1,²

¹ CNES/HQ, 18, avenue E. Belin, 31401 Toulouse cedex, France
² IMFT, Université Paul Sabatier, 1, allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France

Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, Volume 331 (2003) no. 10, pp. 713-726.

Résumé
Abstract

Les coefficients de transport des fluides purs présentent des variations importantes au voisinage du point critique liquide–gaz. En particulier, la diffusivité thermique tends vers zéro tandis que la compressibilité isotherme tend vers l'infini. Les fluides supercritiques sont donc aussi denses que des liquides et beaucoup plus compressibles que des gaz. Ces propriétés font varier de plusieurs ordres de grandeurs les paramètres de similitude lorsqu'on se rapproche du point critique ouvrant ainsi un champ de recherche très large. Nous faisons la synthèse de quatre principaux domaines : le transfert de chaleur, les écoulements de cavité, les interfaces et les instabilités hydrodynamiques. Dans le premier domaine nous présentons un quatrième mode de transfert de chaleur, dit par Effet Piston, qui transporte la chaleur beaucoup plus rapidement que par diffusion en l'absence de convection. Nous montrons dans le second comment ce mécanisme de transfert de chaleur interagit avec la convection. Dans le troisième domaine, nous montrons en fait qu'un fluide critique pur non homogène se comporte comme un fluide diphasique à phases miscibles. Nous présentons enfin quelques comportements spécifiques de la convection de Rayleigh–Benard comme les expériences et simulations numériques les ont récemment mis en évidence. La dernière partie donne quelques pistes pour la poursuite des travaux actuels. Nous insistons sur le besoin de développer complètement l'hydrodynamique des fluides très compressible et diffusant peu la chaleur car ce sujet est à la fois porteur de physique nouvelle et nécessaire au développements du génie des procédés.

In the vicinity of the gas–liquid critical point, transport coefficients of pure fluids experience important changes. In particular, the thermal diffusivity tends to zero whereas the isothermal compressibility tends to infinity. Supercritical fluids are thus as dense as liquids and much more expandable than gases. These properties make the hydrodynamic similarity parameters vary over orders of magnitude when nearing the critical point, thus leading to a large field of research. We review here four main fields: heat transfer, cavity flows, interfaces and hydrodynamic instabilities. In the first, we present a fourth adiabatic heat transfer mechanism, called the piston effect, which carries heat much faster than diffusion, in the absence of convection. In the second, we show how this heat transfer mechanism interacts with buoyant convection. In the third, we basically show that a thermally non-homogeneous near-critical fluid behaves as a two miscible-phases fluid. In the fourth, we present some specific behavior of the Rayleigh–Benard convection, as recent experiments and numerical simulations have indicated. The last part gives some pathways in the continuation of the current research. We stress the need to fully develop the hydrodynamic of highly expandable, low heat diffusing fluids since the subject is both a bearer of new physics and is needed for the development of processes in chemical engineering.

Reçu le : 2003-05-14
Accepté le : 2003-05-19
Publié le : 2003-09-11

DOI : 10.1016/j.crme.2003.05.001

Keywords: Fluid mechanics, Gas–liquid critical point, Hydrodynamics
Mots-clés : Mécanique des fluides, Point critique liquide–gaz, Hydrodynamique

Affiliations des auteurs :

Bernard Zappoli ^{1, 2}

¹ CNES/HQ, 18, avenue E. Belin, 31401 Toulouse cedex, France
² IMFT, Université Paul Sabatier, 1, allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France

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     language = {en},
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Bernard Zappoli. Near-critical fluid hydrodynamics. Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, Volume 331 (2003) no. 10, pp. 713-726. doi : 10.1016/j.crme.2003.05.001. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/mecanique/articles/10.1016/j.crme.2003.05.001/

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