Comptes Rendus
Article de recherche
Physical digital twins for ancient stone masonry informed of original construction techniques: the case of Sardinian nuraghi
[Jumeaux numériques physiques de maçonnerie antique basés sur les techniques de construction originelles : le cas des nuraghi sardes]
Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, Volume 353 (2025), pp. 791-813

A short review is provided regarding modern technical tools allowing to build digital twins for modelling ancient stone masonry structures and their physical behaviour. The objective of such tools is to assess the structural safety of cultural heritage masonry structures. The present work focuses on the particular case of Sardinian nuraghi, which are ancient corbelled stone masonry structures whose typical form is a truncated cone. As a starting point we consider a careful historical analysis of the construction techniques of those nuraghi. From this analysis, we address the choice of theoretical and numerical tools apt to construct a digital twin of complex nuraghi, in addition to delineating future challenges in building digital twins capable of simulating any physical process which may be relevant to ancient buildings.

Le présent article passe en revue les outils techniques modernes aptes à modéliser les structures antiques en maçonnerie et leur comportement physique. L’utilisation de ces outils vise à estimer la sûreté structurelle d’ouvrages en maçonnerie faisant partie du patrimoine culturel. Le présent article considère le cas particulier des nuraghi sardes : il s’agit de structures antiques en maçonnerie construites en encorbellement et présentant une forme typique de cône tronqué. Le point de départ consiste en une étude historique attentive des techniques de construction de ces structures. De cette étude sont ensuite déduits quels types d’outils théoriques et numériques semblent adaptés à la construction de jumeaux numériques pour des nuraghi complexes, ainsi que les défis à relever pour que de tels jumeaux puissent modéliser n’importe quel phénomène physique pouvant affecter ces structures antiques.

Reçu le :
Révisé le :
Accepté le :
Publié le :
DOI : 10.5802/crmeca.308
Keywords: Digital twins, ancient masonry, cultural heritage, nuraghi, multiphysical modeling, weathering
Mots-clés : Jumeaux numériques, maçonneries antiques, patrimoine culturel, nuraghi, modélisation multiphysique, météorisation

Chuong Anthony Tran 1 ; Emilio Barchiesi 1 ; Roberto Busonera 1 ; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag 1 ; Ilaria Trivelloni 1 ; Emilio Turco 1

1 Department of Architecture, Design and Urban planning, University of Sassari, Italy
Licence : CC-BY 4.0
Droits d'auteur : Les auteurs conservent leurs droits
@article{CRMECA_2025__353_G1_791_0,
     author = {Chuong Anthony Tran and Emilio Barchiesi and Roberto Busonera and Mustafa Erden Yildizdag and Ilaria Trivelloni and Emilio Turco},
     title = {Physical digital twins for ancient stone masonry informed of original construction techniques: the case of {Sardinian} nuraghi},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. M\'ecanique},
     pages = {791--813},
     publisher = {Acad\'emie des sciences, Paris},
     volume = {353},
     year = {2025},
     doi = {10.5802/crmeca.308},
     language = {en},
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Chuong Anthony Tran
AU  - Emilio Barchiesi
AU  - Roberto Busonera
AU  - Mustafa Erden Yildizdag
AU  - Ilaria Trivelloni
AU  - Emilio Turco
TI  - Physical digital twins for ancient stone masonry informed of original construction techniques: the case of Sardinian nuraghi
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Mécanique
PY  - 2025
SP  - 791
EP  - 813
VL  - 353
PB  - Académie des sciences, Paris
DO  - 10.5802/crmeca.308
LA  - en
ID  - CRMECA_2025__353_G1_791_0
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A Chuong Anthony Tran
%A Emilio Barchiesi
%A Roberto Busonera
%A Mustafa Erden Yildizdag
%A Ilaria Trivelloni
%A Emilio Turco
%T Physical digital twins for ancient stone masonry informed of original construction techniques: the case of Sardinian nuraghi
%J Comptes Rendus. Mécanique
%D 2025
%P 791-813
%V 353
%I Académie des sciences, Paris
%R 10.5802/crmeca.308
%G en
%F CRMECA_2025__353_G1_791_0
Chuong Anthony Tran; Emilio Barchiesi; Roberto Busonera; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Ilaria Trivelloni; Emilio Turco. Physical digital twins for ancient stone masonry informed of original construction techniques: the case of Sardinian nuraghi. Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, Volume 353 (2025), pp. 791-813. doi: 10.5802/crmeca.308

[1] Giorgio Croci; Chiara Occelli Conservazione e restauro strutturale dei beni architettonici, CittàStudi, 2017, 448 pages

[2] Osama Amer; Danila Aita; Dan V. Bompa; Yehia M. Hussein; Akram Torky; Maisa Mansour; M. A. Mansour Conservation-oriented integrated approach for structural stability assessment of complex historic masonry structures, J. Eng. Res., Volume 13 (2024) no. 2, pp. 1551-1593 | DOI

[3] Paulo B. Lourenço Structural restoration of monuments: recommendations and advances in research and practice, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Restoration of Heritage Masonry Structures (2006), p. 16

[4] Pedro Roca Fabregat The ISCARSAH guidelines on the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage, SAHC 2021: 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) (2021), pp. 1629-1640

[5] Francis G. Dimes; John Ashurst Conservation of building and decorative stone, Routledge, 2007, 478 pages | DOI

[6] Bernard Feilden Conservation of historic buildings, Routledge, 2007, 404 pages | DOI

[7] Giorgio Croci Structural damage and remedial measures for the temples of Angkor, Cambodia, Struct. Eng. Int., Volume 11 (2001) no. 4, pp. 234-236 | DOI

[8] Antonio Maria D’Altri; Vasilis Sarhosis; Gabriele Milani; Jan G. Rots; Serena Cattari; Sergio Lagomarsino; Elio Sacco; Antonio Tralli; Giovanni Castellazzi; Stefano de Miranda Modeling strategies for the computational analysis of unreinforced masonry structures: review and classification, Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., Volume 27 (2020), pp. 1153-1185 | DOI

[9] Paulo B. Lourenço Computations on historic masonry structures, Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., Volume 4 (2002) no. 3, pp. 301-319 | DOI

[10] Vasilis Sarhosis; Katalin Bagi; José V. Lemos; Gabriele Milani Computational modeling of masonry structures using the discrete element method, IGI Global, 2016, 300 pages | DOI

[11] Jun Shang Kuang; Yu Ping Yuen Simulations of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frame failure, Eng. Comput. Mech., Volume 166 (2013) no. 4, pp. 179-193 | DOI

[12] Adrian W. Page Finite element model for masonry, J. Struct. Div., Volume 104 (1978) no. 8, pp. 1267-1285 | DOI

[13] Kiarash M. Dolatshahi; Mohammad Yekrangnia Out-of-plane strength reduction of unreinforced masonry walls because of in-plane damages, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., Volume 44 (2015) no. 13, pp. 2157-2176 | DOI

[14] E. Quagliarini; G. Maracchini; F. Clementi Uses and limits of the equivalent frame model on existing unreinforced masonry buildings for assessing their seismic risk: a review, J. Build. Eng., Volume 10 (2017), pp. 166-182 | DOI

[15] S. Pietruszczak; X. Niu A mathematical description of macroscopic behaviour of brick masonry, Int. J. Solids Struct., Volume 29 (1992) no. 5, pp. 531-546 | DOI | Zbl

[16] Ioannis Stefanou; Jean Sulem; Ioannis Vardoulakis Three-dimensional Cosserat homogenization of masonry structures: elasticity, Acta Geot., Volume 3 (2008), pp. 71-83 | DOI

[17] Matthew J. DeJong; Beatrice Belletti; Max A. N. Hendriks; Jan G. Rots Shell elements for sequentially linear analysis: lateral failure of masonry structures, Eng. Struct., Volume 31 (2009) no. 7, pp. 1382-1392 | DOI

[18] Jan G. Rots; Beatrice Belletti; Stefano Invernizzi Robust modeling of RC structures with an ‘event-by-event’ strategy, Eng. Fract. Mech., Volume 75 (2008) no. 3-4, pp. 590-614 | DOI

[19] Ray W. Clough; Joseph Penzien Dynamics of structures, Computers and Structures, 2003, 739 pages

[20] Francesco dell’Isola; Luca Placidi Variational principles are a powerful tool also for formulating field theories, Variational models and methods in solid and fluid mechanics (Francesco dell’Isola; Sergey Garvrilyuk, eds.), Springer, 2011, pp. 1-15 | Zbl

[21] Francesco dell’Isola; Pierre Seppecher; Luca Placidi; Emilio Barchiesi; Anil Misra Least action and virtual work principles for the formulation of generalized continuum models, Discrete and continuum models for complex metamaterials (Francesco dell’Isola; David J. Steigmann, eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. 327-394 | DOI

[22] Paul Germain The method of virtual power in continuum mechanics. Part 2: Microstructure, SIAM J. Appl. Math., Volume 25 (1973) no. 3, pp. 556-575 | DOI | Zbl

[23] Paul Germain The method of virtual power in the mechanics of continuous media, I: Second-gradient theory, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 8 (2020) no. 2, pp. 153-190 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[24] Gérard A. Maugin The principle of virtual power: from eliminating metaphysical forces to providing an efficient modelling tool, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 25 (2013) no. 2, pp. 127-146 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[25] Ivan Giorgio; Ugo Andreaus; Tomasz Lekszycki; Alessandro Della Corte The influence of different geometries of matrix/scaffold on the remodeling process of a bone and bioresorbable material mixture with voids, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 22 (2017) no. 5, pp. 969-987 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[26] Daria Scerrato; Alberto Maria Bersani; Ivan Giorgio Bio-inspired design of a porous resorbable scaffold for bone reconstruction: a preliminary study, Biomimetics, Volume 6 (2021) no. 1, p. 18 | DOI

[27] Natalia Branecka; Matin Shanehsazzadeh; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Ivan Giorgio A bone remodeling model involving two mechanical stimuli originated from shear and normal load conditions within the 3D continuum mechanics framework, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 37 (2025) no. 1, p. 7 | DOI

[28] Rachele Allena; Daria Scerrato; Alberto Maria Bersani; Ivan Giorgio Simulating bone healing with bio-resorbable scaffolds in a three-dimensional system: insights into graft resorption and integration, C. R. Méc., Volume 353 (2025) no. G1, pp. 479-497 | DOI

[29] Francesco dell’Isola; Alessandro Della Corte; Ivan Giorgio Higher-gradient continua: The legacy of Piola, Mindlin, Sedov and Toupin and some future research perspectives, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 22 (2017) no. 4, pp. 852-872 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[30] Nicolas Auffray; Francesco dell’Isola; Victor A. Eremeyev; Angela Madeo; Giuseppe Rosi Analytical continuum mechanics à la Hamilton–Piola least action principle for second gradient continua and capillary fluids, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 20 (2015) no. 4, pp. 375-417 | DOI | Zbl

[31] Ivan Giorgio; Michele De Angelo; Emilio Turco; Anil Misra A Biot-Cosserat two-dimensional elastic nonlinear model for a micromorphic medium, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 32 (2020) no. 5, pp. 1357-1369 | DOI | MR

[32] Anil Misra; Luca Placidi; Francesco dell’Isola; Emilio Barchiesi Identification of a geometrically nonlinear micromorphic continuum via granular micromechanics, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., Volume 72 (2021), pp. 1-21 | Zbl

[33] Gérard A. Maugin The method of virtual power in continuum mechanics: application to coupled fields, Acta Mech., Volume 35 (1980) no. 1, pp. 1-70 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[34] Graeme W. Milton; Pierre Seppecher; Guy Bouchitté Minimization variational principles for acoustics, elastodynamics and electromagnetism in lossy inhomogeneous bodies at fixed frequency, Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., Volume 465 (2009) no. 2102, pp. 367-396 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[35] Giuseppe Rosi; Nicolas Auffray Anisotropic and dispersive wave propagation within strain-gradient framework, Wave Motion, Volume 63 (2016), pp. 120-134 | DOI | Zbl

[36] Jean-Jacques Alibert; Emilio Barchiesi; Francesco dell’Isola; Pierre Seppecher A class of one dimensional periodic microstructures exhibiting effective Timoshenko beam behavior, ESAIM, Control Optim. Calc. Var., Volume 29 (2023), pp. 53-80 | DOI | Zbl

[37] Emilio Barchiesi; Francesco dell’Isola; Pierre Seppecher; Emilio Turco A beam model for duoskelion structures derived by asymptotic homogenization and its application to axial loading problems, Eur. J. Mech. A Solids, Volume 98 (2023), 104848 | Zbl

[38] Pierre Seppecher; Lukáš Jakabčin Asymptotic comparison of the strain-gradient and micromorphic models when loading forces are widely spread, Theoretical analyses, computations, and experiments of multiscale materials: a tribute to Francesco dell’Isola (Ivan Giorgio; Luca Placidi; Emilio Barchiesi; Bilen Emek Abali; Holm Altenbach, eds.), Springer, 2022, pp. 253-272 | DOI | Zbl

[39] Claude Boutin; Ivan Giorgio; Luca Placidi Linear pantographic sheets: asymptotic micro-macro models identification, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 5 (2017) no. 2, pp. 127-162 | DOI | Zbl

[40] Emilio Barchiesi Equilibria of axial-transversely loaded homogenized duoskelion beams, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 12 (2024) no. 3, pp. 283-309 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[41] Nurettin Yilmaz; Bekir Cagri Sarar; Chuong Anthony Tran; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Emilio Barchiesi Multi-scale approaches to micro-structured materials modeling, Comprehensive mechanics of materials (First Edition) (Vadim Silberschmidt, ed.), Elsevier, 2024, pp. 98-135 | DOI

[42] Francesco dell’Isola; Alessandro Della Corte; Leopoldo Greco; Angelo Luongo Plane bias extension test for a continuum with two inextensible families of fibers: a variational treatment with Lagrange multipliers and a perturbation solution, Int. J. Solids Struct., Volume 81 (2016), pp. 1-12 | DOI

[43] Francesco dell’Isola; Pierre Seppecher; Mario Spagnuolo; Emilio Barchiesi; François Hild; Tomasz Lekszycki; Ivan Giorgio; Luca Placidi; Ugo Andreaus; Massimo Cuomo; Simon R. Eugster; Aron Pfaff; Klaus Hoshke; Ralph Langkemper; Emilio Turco; Rizacan Sarikaya; Aviral Misra; Michele De Angelo; Francesco D’Annibale; Amine Bouterf; Xavier Pinelli; Anil Misra; Boris Desmorat; Marek Pawlikowski; Corinne Dupuy; Daria Scerrato; Patrice Peyre; Marco Laudato; Luca Manzari; Peter Göransson; Christian Hesch; Sofia Hesch; Patrick Franciosi; Justin Dirrenberger; Florian Maurin; Zacharias Vangelatos; Costas Grigoropoulos; Vasileia Melissinaki; Maria Farsari; Wolfgang Muller; Bilen Emek Abali; Christian Liebold; Gregor Ganzosch; Philip Harrison; Rafał Drobnicki; Leonid Igumnov; Faris Saeed Alzahrani; Tasawar Hayat Advances in pantographic structures: design, manufacturing, models, experiments and image analyses, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 31 (2019) no. 4, pp. 1231-1282 | DOI

[44] Emilio Barchiesi; Simon R. Eugster; Francesco dell’Isola; François Hild Large in-plane elastic deformations of bi-pantographic fabrics: asymptotic homogenization and experimental validation, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 25 (2020) no. 3, pp. 739-767 | DOI | Zbl

[45] Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Bekir Cagri Sarar; Antonello Salvatori; Gino D’Ovidio; Emilio Turco Analysis of transmission and reflection characteristics of linear plane waves in pantographic lattices, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., Volume 74 (2023) no. 5, p. 178 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[46] Paolo D’Avanzo; Alessio C. Rapisarda; Ramiro Dell’Erba An approach to the mechanics of pantographic structures through swarm dynamics, Math. Mech. Solids (2024), 36 pages | DOI

[47] Francesco dell’Isola; Simir Moschini; Emilio Turco Towards the synthesis of planar beams whose deformation energy depends on the third gradient of displacement, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 12 (2024) no. 4, pp. 573-597 | DOI | Zbl

[48] Victor A. Eremeyev; Leonid P. Lebedev Existence of weak solutions in elasticity, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 18 (2013) no. 2, pp. 204-217 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[49] Victor A. Eremeyev; Francesco dell’Isola; Claude Boutin; David J. Steigmann Linear pantographic sheets: existence and uniqueness of weak solutions, J. Elasticity, Volume 132 (2018), pp. 175-196 | DOI | Zbl

[50] Victor A. Eremeyev; Faris Saeed Alzahrani; Antonio Cazzani; Francesco dell’Isola; Tasawar Hayat; Emilio Turco; Violetta Konopińska-Zmysłowska On existence and uniqueness of weak solutions for linear pantographic beam lattices models, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 31 (2019) no. 6, pp. 1843-1861 | DOI

[51] Maximilian Stilz; Francesco dell’Isola; Ivan Giorgio; Victor A. Eremeyev; Georg Ganzenmüller; Stefan Hiermaier Continuum models for pantographic blocks with second gradient energies which are incomplete, Mech. Res. Commun., Volume 125 (2022), 103988 | DOI

[52] V. A. Yeremeyev The theory of elastic and viscoelastic micropolar liquids, J. Appl. Math. Mech., Volume 63 (1999) no. 5, pp. 755-767 | DOI

[53] Bilen Emek Abali; Emilio Barchiesi Additive manufacturing introduced substructure and computational determination of metamaterials parameters by means of the asymptotic homogenization, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 33 (2021) no. 4, pp. 993-1009 | DOI | MR

[54] Gokhan Aydin; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Bilen Emek Abali Strain-gradient modeling and computation of 3-d printed metamaterials for verifying constitutive parameters determined by asymptotic homogenization, Theoretical analyses, computations, and experiments of multiscale materials: a tribute to Francesco dell’Isola (Ivan Giorgio; Luca Placidi; Emilio Barchiesi; Bilen Emek Abali; Holm Altenbach, eds.), Springer, 2022, pp. 343-357 | DOI | Zbl

[55] Yury Solyaev; Sergey Lurie; Emilio Barchiesi; Luca Placidi On the dependence of standard and gradient elastic material constants on a field of defects, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 25 (2020) no. 1, pp. 35-45 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[56] Emilio Barchiesi; Hua Yang; Chuong Anthony Tran; Luca Placidi; Wolfgang H. Müller Computation of brittle fracture propagation in strain gradient materials by the FEniCS library, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 26 (2020) no. 3, pp. 325-340 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[57] Luca Placidi A variational approach for a nonlinear 1-dimensional second gradient continuum damage model, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 27 (2015), pp. 623-638 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[58] Luca Placidi A variational approach for a nonlinear one-dimensional damage-elasto-plastic second-gradient continuum model, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 28 (2016), pp. 119-137 | MR | Zbl | DOI

[59] Anil Misra; Viraj Singh Thermomechanics-based nonlinear rate-dependent coupled damage-plasticity granular micromechanics model, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 27 (2015) no. 4, pp. 787-817 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[60] Dmitry Timofeev; Emilio Barchiesi; Anil Misra; Luca Placidi Hemivariational continuum approach for granular solids with damage-induced anisotropy evolution, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 26 (2021) no. 5, pp. 738-770 | DOI | Zbl | MR

[61] Nurettin Yilmaz; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Francesco Fabbrocino; Luca Placidi; Anil Misra Emergence of critical state in granular materials using a variationally-based damage-elasto-plastic micromechanical continuum model, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., Volume 48 (2024) no. 13, pp. 3369-3391 | DOI

[62] Nurettin Yilmaz; Luca Placidi; Anil Misra; Francesco Fabbrocino A parametric study on a granular micromechanics continuum-based hemivariational approach: unraveling the emergence of critical states in granular materials, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 13 (2025) no. 1, pp. 25-54 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[63] Nasrin Rezaei; Johannes Riesselmann; Anil Misra; Daniel Balzani; Luca Placidi A procedure for the experimental identification of the strain gradient characteristic length, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., Volume 75 (2024) no. 3, pp. 1-14 | Zbl | MR

[64] Nasrin Rezaei; Mustafa Erden Yildizdag; Emilio Turco; Anil Misra; Luca Placidi Strain-gradient finite elasticity solutions to rigid bar pull-out test, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 36 (2024) no. 3, pp. 607-617 | DOI | MR

[65] Ivan Giorgio; Francesco dell’Isola; Anil Misra Chirality in 2D Cosserat media related to stretch-micro-rotation coupling with links to granular micromechanics, Int. J. Solids Struct., Volume 202 (2020), pp. 28-38 | DOI

[66] Chuong Anthony Tran; Emilio Barchiesi A new block-based approach for the analysis of damage in masonries undergoing large deformations, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 35 (2023) no. 4, pp. 1625-1654 | DOI | MR

[67] José Manuel Torres Espino; Jaime Heman Espinoza Sandoval; Chuong Anthony Tran; Roberto Fedele; Emilio Turco; Francesco dell’Isola; Luca Placidi; Anil Misra; Francisco James León Trujillo; Emilio Barchiesi Validation of a hemi-variational block-based approach to the modelling of common in-plane failures in masonry structures, Sixty shades of generalized continua: dedicated to the 60th birthday of Prof. Victor A. Eremeyev (Holm Altenbach; Arkadi Berezovski; Francesco dell’Isola; Alexey Porubov, eds.), Springer, 2023, pp. 191-210 | DOI

[68] Chuong Anthony Tran; Francisco James León Trujillo; Antonello Salvatori; Margherita Solci; Andrea Causin; Luca Placidi; Emilio Barchiesi A hemivariational damageable elastoplastic vertex-spring model for masonry analysis, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 30 (2025) no. 1, pp. 57-72 | DOI

[69] Ryan McAvoy; Emilio Barchiesi Towards the Galerkin approximation of tetraskelion metamaterials, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 37 (2025) no. 1, 6 pages | MR

[70] Emilio Turco; Francesco dell’Isola; Antonio Cazzani; Nicola Luigi Rizzi Hencky-type discrete model for pantographic structures: numerical comparison with second gradient continuum models, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., Volume 67 (2016), pp. 1-28 | MR | Zbl

[71] Emilio Turco; Maciej Golaszewski; Ivan Giorgio; Francesco D’Annibale Pantographic lattices with non-orthogonal fibres: experiments and their numerical simulations, Compos. B. Eng., Volume 118 (2017), pp. 1-14 | DOI

[72] Ramiro dell’Erba How swarm robot dynamic can describe mechanical systems, International Conference on Robots for Space Applications in Orbital Stations, Springer (2023), pp. 148-159

[73] Ramiro dell’Erba Rules governing swarm robot in continuum mechanics, Math. Mech. Solids, Volume 27 (2022) no. 10, pp. 1930-1949 | DOI | Zbl

[74] Ramiro dell’Erba Flocking rules governing swarm robot as tool to describe continuum deformation, Dynamics, strength of materials and durability in multiscale mechanics (Advanced Structured Materials), Springer, 2021 no. 137, pp. 223-243 | DOI | Zbl

[75] Ramiro dell’Erba Position-based dynamic of a particle system: a configurable algorithm to describe complex behaviour of continuum material starting from swarm robotics, Contin. Mech. Thermodyn., Volume 30 (2018) no. 5, pp. 1069-1090 | DOI | Zbl

[76] Jiehan Zhou; Shouhua Zhang; Mu Gu Revisiting digital twins: origins, fundamentals, and practices, Front. Eng. Manage., Volume 9 (2022) no. 4, pp. 668-676 | DOI

[77] L. A. Hernández; S. Hernández Application of digital 3D models on urban planning and highway design, WIT Trans. Built Environ., Volume 30 (1997), pp. 391-402

[78] Reza Latifi; Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko; Dorin Radu; Rahimeh Rouhi A brief overview on crack patterns, repair and strengthening of historical masonry structures, Materials, Volume 16 (2023) no. 5, 1882, 22 pages | DOI

[79] Maria Rosa Valluzzi On the vulnerability of historical masonry structures: analysis and mitigation, Mater. Struct., Volume 40 (2007), pp. 723-743 | DOI

[80] Giovanni Castellazzi; Enrico Cardillo; Nicoló Lo Presti; Antonio Maria D’Altri; Stefano de Miranda; Gregorio Bertani; Francesca Ferretti; Claudio Mazzotti Advancing cultural heritage structures conservation: integrating BIM and cloud-based solutions for enhanced management and visualization, Heritage, Volume 6 (2023) no. 12, pp. 7316-7342 | DOI

[81] M. Mirtaheri; A. Abbasi; N. Salari A seismic behavior and rehabilitation of the historic masonry minaret by experimental and numerical methods, Asian J. Civ. Eng, Volume 18 (2017) no. 5, pp. 807-822

[82] Antonio Maria D’Altri; Gabriele Milani; Stefano de Miranda; Giovanni Castellazzi; Vasilis Sarhosis Stability analysis of leaning historic masonry structures, Autom. Constr., Volume 92 (2018), pp. 199-213 | DOI

[83] Giovanni Lilliu I nuraghi: torri preistoriche di Sardegna, Edizioni “La Zattera”, 1962, 206 pages

[84] Giovanni Lilliu La civiltà dei Sardi: dal neolitico all’età dei nuraghi, Edizioni “La Zattera”, 1963

[85] Giovanni Lilliu La civiltà nuragica, Carlo Delfino editore, 1982, 352 pages

[86] Ercole Contu Il nuraghe, Civiltà nuragica, Electa, 1985, pp. 45-109

[87] Emma Blake Sardinia’s nuraghi: four millennia of becoming, World Archaeol., Volume 30 (1998) no. 1, pp. 59-71 | DOI

[88] Giovanni Ugas L’alba dei nuraghi, Fabula, 2006, 279 pages

[89] Anna Depalmas Il bronzo medio della Sardegna, Atti della XLIV Riunione scientifica: la preistoria e la protostoria della Sardegna (Cagliari, Barumini, Sassari, 23-28 novembre 2009), Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria, 2009, pp. 123-130

[90] Anna Depalmas Il bronzo recente della Sardegna, Atti della XLIV Riunione scientifica: la preistoria e la protostoria della Sardegna (Cagliari, Barumini, Sassari, 23-28 novembre 2009), Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria, 2009, pp. 131-140

[91] Anna Depalmas Il bronzo finale della Sardegna, Atti della XLIV Riunione scientifica: la preistoria e la protostoria della Sardegna (Cagliari, Barumini, Sassari, 23-28 novembre 2009), Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria, 2009, pp. 141-154

[92] Anna Depalmas I Nuraghi. Le torri dell’isola, L’isola delle torri: Giovanni Lilliu e la Sardegna nuragica (Marco Minoja; Gianfranca Salis; Luisanna Usai, eds.), Carlo Delfino editore, 2015, pp. 76-83

[93] G. Tanda Le origini della civiltà nuragica, L’isola delle torri: Giovanni Lilliu e la Sardegna nuragica (Marco Minoja; Gianfranca Salis; Luisanna Usai, eds.), Carlo Delfino editore, 2015, pp. 70-75

[94] Paolo Melis I nuraghi, La Sardegna nuragica, storia e monumenti (Alberto Moravetti; Paolo Melis; Lavinia Foddai; Elisabetta Alba, eds.), Carlo Delfino editore, 2017

[95] Anna Depalmas Dal nuraghe a corridoio al nuraghe complesso, Il tempo dei nuraghi. La Sardegna dal XVIII all’VIII secolo aC, Ilisso Nuoro, 2018, pp. 54-60

[96] Gary S. Webster A prehistory of Sardinia 2300–500 BC, Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, Sheffield Academic Press, 1996 no. 5, 224 pages

[97] Paolo Melis The nuragic civilization, Carlo Delfino editore, 2003, 96 pages

[98] Liliana Spanedda; Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano Evoluzione tipologica delle camere dei nuraghi: un’approssimazione morfometrica, Atti della XLIV Riunione scientifica: la preistoria e la protostoria della Sardegna (Cagliari, Barumini, Sassari, 23-28 novembre 2009), Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria, 2012, pp. 671-678

[99] Alberto Moravetti Appunti sulla civiltà nuragica, L’isola delle torri: Giovanni Lilliu e la Sardegna nuragica (Marco Minoja; Gianfranca Salis; Luisanna Usai, eds.), Carlo Delfino editore, 2015, pp. 37-57

[100] Alberto Moravetti; Paolo Melis; Lavinia Foddai; Elisabetta Alba Considerazioni sui protonuraghi, La Sardegna nuragica, storia e monumenti (Alberto Moravetti; Paolo Melis; Lavinia Foddai; Elisabetta Alba, eds.), Carlo Delfino editore, 2017, pp. 11-27

[101] Ercole Contu; G. Tanda; S. Bagella; G. Canino; Anna Depalmas; G. Marras; M. G. Melis; G. M. Meloni Nuraghi, santuari, tombe monumentali, L’età del bronzo recente in Italia. Atti del Congresso Nazionale di Lido di Camaiore, 26-29 ottobre 2000, M. Baroni (2004), p. 383-98

[102] Cairoli Fulvio Giuliani L’edilizia nell’antichità, Carocci editore, 1990, 226 pages

[103] W. G. Cavanagh; R. R. Laxton An investigation into the construction of Sardinian nuraghi, Pap. Br. Sch. Rome, Volume 55 (1987), pp. 1-74 | DOI

[104] Giulio Mirabella Roberti; Olga Spina Discrete element analysis on the Sardinian “Nuraghe”, STRUMAS V, International Symposium on Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, Rome (2001), pp. 719-728

[105] Laura Lai; Matteo Sordini; Stefano Campana; Luisanna Usai; Francesca Condò 4D recording and analysis: The case study of Nuraghe Oes (Giave, Sardinia), Appl. Archaeol. Cult. Heritage, Volume 2 (2015) no. 4, pp. 233-239 | DOI

[106] Stefano Cara; Paolo Valera; Carlo Matzuzzi 3D modelling approach to enhance the characterization of a Bronze Age nuragic site, Minerals, Volume 14 (2024) no. 5, p. 489 | DOI

[107] Luca Placidi; Emilio Barchiesi; Francesco dell’Isola; Valerii Maksimov; Anil Misra; Nasrin Rezaei; Angelo Scrofani; Dmitry Timofeev On a hemi-variational formulation for a 2D elasto-plastic-damage strain gradient solid with granular microstructure, Math. Eng., Volume 5 (2022), pp. 1-24 | DOI

[108] Anil Misra; Luca Placidi Emergence of bimodulus (tension-compression asymmetric) behavior modeled in granular micromechanics framework, Math. Mech. Solids (2025) | DOI

[109] Emilio Barchiesi; Nahiene Hamila Maximum mechano-damage power release-based phase-field modeling of mass diffusion in damaging deformable solids, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., Volume 73 (2022) no. 1, p. 35 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[110] Angelo Scrofani; Emilio Barchiesi; Bernardino Chiaia; Anil Misra; Luca Placidi Fluid diffusion related aging effect in a concrete dam modeled as a Timoshenko beam, Math. Mech. Complex Syst., Volume 11 (2023) no. 2, pp. 313-334 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[111] Rafael Ramirez; Alejandro Jiménez Rios; Bahman Ghiassi; Paulo B. Lourenço Application of mechanical modelling strategies to the hygrothermal analysis of masonry walls, European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (2024), p. 12

[112] Rafael Ramirez; Bahman Ghiassi; Paloma Pineda; Paulo B. Lourenço Moisture and temperature effects on masonry structures: the civic tower of Pavia as a case study, International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Springer (2025), pp. 845-865 | DOI

[113] Ivan Giorgio; Luca Placidi A variational formulation for three-dimensional linear thermoelasticity with ’thermal inertia’, Meccanica, Volume 59 (2024), pp. 1745-1756 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[114] Maurice Anthony Biot New variational-Lagrangian irreversible thermodynamics with application to viscous flow, reaction–diffusion, and solid mechanics, Adv. Appl. Mech., Volume 24 (1984), pp. 1-91 | DOI | MR | Zbl

[115] Aleksandr Morozov Numerical and analytical studies of kinetics, equilibrium, and stability of the chemical reaction fronts in deformable solids, Ph. D. Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin (Germany) (2021)

Cité par Sources :

Commentaires - Politique