On the production of superheavy elements

Peter Armbruster

doi:10.1016/S1631-0705(03)00061-6

Exotic nuclei/Les noyaux exotiques

On the production of superheavy elements
[Sur la production des éléments super lourd]

Présenté par : Guy Laval

Peter Armbruster ¹

¹ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenfoschung mbH, Nuclear Physics II Division, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 4 (2003) no. 4-5, pp. 571-594.

Résumé
Abstract

Depuis la découverte de noyaux super lourds déformés (1983–85) un « pont » relie l'ı̂lot des noyaux super lourds (SHE) aux isotopes connus des éléments plus légers. Ce que nous savons, tant d'un point de vue expérimental que théorique, de la structure des SHE est présenté dans la première section. La synthèse de nouveaux éléments, l'analyse des sections efficaces de production ainsi que la limitation macroscopique de ces études à l'élément Z=112+ε fait l'objet de la deuxième section. L'annulation des sections efficaces de fusion d'éléments chargés d'une dizaine de protons supplémentaire est introduite comme une conséquence générale de la répulsion Coulombienne ( « Coulomb Falls »). La manière dont la structure des partenaires de la collision modifie cette limite Coulombienne est présentée dans la Section 3. Les réactions induites par des noyaux déformés conduisent à des noyaux plus excités (décroisant en émettant plus de neutrons (Canaux à 4n et 5n)) alors que celles mettant en jeu des noyaux avec des sous structure en agrégats et les noyaux à couches fermés, ²⁰⁸₁₂₆Pb et ¹³⁸₈₂Ba conservent des excitations faibles (Canaux à 1n et 2n)). Le début de l'annulation de production de SHE par la fusion de noyaux déformés est abaissée à une plus petite fissilité x=0.68⩽0.72, alors que pour des noyaux sphériques elle se retrouve accrue x=0.76⩾0.72 pour le ¹³⁸Ba et x=0.79⩾0.72 pour le ²⁰⁸Pb. Un point sur les travaux qu'il reste à mener termine cette revue.

Since the discovery of Deformed Superheavy Nuclei (1983–85) a bridge connects the island of SHE to known isotopes of lighter elements. What we know experimentally and theoretically on the nuclear structure of SHE is reported in a first section. The making of the elements, with an analysis of production cross sections, and the macroscopic limitation to Z=112+ε is presented in a second section. The break-down of fusion cross sections in the ‘Coulomb Falls’ within a range of about 10 elements is introduced as the universal limiting phenomenon. How the nuclear structure of the collision partners modifies the on-set of this limitation is presented in Section 3. Reactions induced by deformed nuclei are pushed by side collisions to higher excitation energies (4n- and 5n-channels), whereas reactions driven by the cluster-like, closed-shell nuclei, ²⁰⁸₁₂₆Pb and ¹³⁸₈₂Ba, are kept at low excitation energies (1n- and 2n-channels). The on-set of production limitation for deformed collision partners is moved to smaller effective fissilities x=0.68⩽0.72, whereas for spherical clusters the on-set is delayed x=0.76⩾0.72 and x=0.79⩾0.72 for ¹³⁸Ba and ²⁰⁸Pb, respectively. An outlook, what remains to be studied in the future, ends the article.

Publié le : 2003-05-01

DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0705(03)00061-6

Affiliations des auteurs :

Peter Armbruster ¹

¹ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenfoschung mbH, Nuclear Physics II Division, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany

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Peter Armbruster. On the production of superheavy elements. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 4 (2003) no. 4-5, pp. 571-594. doi : 10.1016/S1631-0705(03)00061-6. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/S1631-0705(03)00061-6/

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