Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review

Antoine Godard

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2007.09.010

Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review
[Sources laser solide infrarouge (2–12 μm) : une revue]

Antoine Godard ¹

¹ ONERA – Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales, chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau cedex, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 8 (2007) no. 10, pp. 1100-1128.

Résumé
Abstract

Le domaine infrarouge est très intéressant pour de nombreuses applications grâce à deux caractéristiques particulières : (i) il contient plusieurs fenêtres de transmission de l'atmosphère, (ii) il correspond à la région ‘d'empreintes digitales’ du spectre électromagnétique où de nombreuses molécules présentent de fortes raies rovibrationnelles d'absorption. Dans de nombreux cas, ces applications (telles que la chirurgie laser, l'analyse de gaz, la détection à distance, la spectrocopie non linéaire, les contre-mesures) nécessitent de disposer de rayonnement cohérent tel que celui émis par une source laser. Dans ce contexte, le choix de la bonne filière est un paramètre clef. En fonction de l'application sélectionnée, il peut être requis que la source délivre un rayonnement accordable, une faible largeur de raie, un faisceau proche de la limite de diffraction, une émission continue ou impulsionnelle, etc. Cet article passe brièvement en revue les principales technologies, restreintes aux sources continues ou impulsionnelles nanoseconde émettant dans l'intervalle 2–12 μm. Les filières technologiques considérées incluent les lasers solide et fibre dopés aux ions terre-rare ou métal de transition, les lasers semi-conducteurs et les sources paramétriques optiques. Les avantages et les inconvénients de ces technologies sont ensuite discutés rapidement dans le contexte de quelques applications sélectionnées.

The infrared domain is very attractive for many applications owing to two unique features: (i) it contains several atmospheric transparency windows, (ii) it corresponds to the ‘molecular fingerprint’ region of the electromagnetic spectrum where various molecules have strong rovibrational absorption lines. In many cases, these applications (e.g. laser surgery, trace gas monitoring, remote sensing, nonlinear spectroscopy, countermeasures, …) require coherent light radiation as the one emitted by a laser source. In this context, the choice of the proper technology is a key issue. Depending on the selected application, it could be required the source to deliver tunable emission, narrow linewidth, nearly diffraction limited beam, pulsed or continuous-wave (CW) radiation, etc. This article briefly reviews the main technologies, restricted to CW and nanosecond pulsed sources emitting in the 2–12 μm range. The technologies considered include rare-earth and transition-metal doped bulk and fiber lasers, semiconductor lasers, and optical parametric sources. Pros and cons of these technologies are then briefly discussed in the context of several selected applications.

Publié le : 2007-11-07

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2007.09.010

Keywords: Infrared, Laser, Rare-earth, Transition metal, Semiconductor laser, Quantum cascade laser, Optical parametric source
Mot clés : Infrarouge, Laser, Terre-rare, Métal de transition, Laser à semi-conducteur, Laser à cascade quantique, Source paramétrique

Affiliations des auteurs :

Antoine Godard ¹

¹ ONERA – Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales, chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau cedex, France

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Antoine Godard. Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 8 (2007) no. 10, pp. 1100-1128. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2007.09.010. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2007.09.010/

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[86] K.L. Vodopyanov Mid-infrared optical parametric generator with extra-wide (3–19 μm) tunability: applications for spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons in quantum wells, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 16 (1999), pp. 1579-1586

[87] L.E. Myers; R.C. Eckardt; M.M. Fejer; R.L. Byer; W.R. Bosenberg; J.W. Pierce Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO₃, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 12 (1995), pp. 2102-2116

[88] K. Koch; G.T. Moore; E.C. Cheungy Optical parametric oscillation with intracavity difference-frequency mixing, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 12 (1995), pp. 2268-2273

[89] J.-M. Melkonian; A. Godard; M. Lefebvre; E. Rosencher Pulsed optical parametric oscillators with intracavity optical parametric amplification: a critical study, Appl. Phys. B, Volume 86 (2007), pp. 633-642

[90] J.M. Fukumoto; H. Komine; W.H. Long; E.A. Stappaerts Periodically poled LiNbO₃ optical parametric oscillator with intracavity difference frequency mixing (W.R. Bosenberg; M.M. Fejer, eds.), Trends in Optics and Photonics, Advanced Solid-State Lasers, vol. 19, Optical Society of America, 1998, pp. 245-248

[91] B. Scherrer; I. Ribet; A. Godard; E. Rosencher; M. Lefebvre Dual-cavity doubly resonant optical parametric oscillators: demonstration of pulsed single-mode operation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 17 (2000), pp. 1716-1729

[92] A. Desormeaux; M. Lefebvre; E. Rosencher; J.-P. Huignard Mid-infrared high-resolution absorption spectroscopy by use of a semimonolithic entangled-cavity optical parametric oscillator, Opt. Lett., Volume 29 (2004), pp. 2887-2889

[93] A. Berrou; A. Godard; E. Rosencher; M. Lefebvre; S. Spiekermann Mid-IR entangled-cavity doubly resonant OPO pumped by a micro-laser, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optical Society of America, 2007 (Technical Digest, paper CThL6)

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[95] H. Ishizuki; T. Taira High-energy quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillation in a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO₃ device with a $5 mm \times 5 mm$ aperture, Opt. Lett., Volume 30 (2005), pp. 2918-2920

[96] G. Mennerat; P. Kupecek High-energy narrow-linewidth tunable source in the mid infrared (W.R. Bosenberg; M.M. Fejer, eds.), Trends in Optics and Photonics, Advanced Solid-State Lasers, vol. 19, Optical Society of America, 1998, pp. 269-272

[97] J. Saikawa; M. Fujii; H. Ishizuki; T. Taira 52 mJ narrow-bandwidth degenerated optical parametric system with a large-aperture periodically poled MgO:LiNbO₃ device, Opt. Lett., Volume 31 (2006), pp. 3149-3151

[98] J. Saikawa; M. Miyazaki; M. Fujii; H. Ishizuki; T. Taira Difference frequency generation in a ZnGeP₂ crystal pumped by a large aperture periodically poled MgO:LiNbO₃ optical parametric system, Advanced Solid-State Photonics 2007, The Optical Society of America, Washington, 2007 (Technical Digest, MB8)

[99] M. Henriksson; M. Tiihonen; V. Pasiskevicius; F. Laurell ZnGeP₂ parametric oscillator pumped by a linewidth-narrowed parametric 2 μm source, Opt. Lett., Volume 31 (2006), pp. 1878-1880

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[108] K.L. Vodopyanov; F. Ganikhanov; J.P. Maffetone; I. Zwieback; W. Ruderman ZnGeP₂ optical parametric oscillator with 3.8–12.4 μm tunability, Opt. Lett., Volume 25 (2000), pp. 841-843

[109] T.H. Allik; S. Chandra; D.M. Rines; P.G. Schunemann; J.A. Hutchinson; R. Utano Tunable 7–12 μm optical parametric oscillator using a Cr,Er:YSGG laser to pump CdSe and ZnGeP₂ crystals, Opt. Lett., Volume 22 (1997), pp. 597-599

[110] Y. Isyanova; A. Dergachev; D. Welford; P.F. Moulton Multi-wavelength, 1.5–10 μm tunable, tandem OPO (M. Fejer; H. Injeyan; U. Keller, eds.), Trends in Optics and Photonics, Advanced Solid-State Lasers, vol. 26, Optical Society of America, 1999, pp. 548-553

[111] K.L. Vodopyanov; O. Levi; P.S. Kuo; T.J. Pinguet; J.S. Harris; M.M. Fejer; B. Gerard; L. Becouarn; E. Lallier Optical parametric oscillation in quasi-phase-matched GaAs, Opt. Lett., Volume 29 (2004), pp. 1912-1914

[112] S.E. Bisson; T.J. Kulp; O. Levi; J.S. Harris; M.M. Fejer Long-wave IR chemical sensing based on difference frequency generation in orientation-patterned GaAs, Appl. Phys. B, Volume 85 (2006), pp. 199-206

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