A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing

Mark R. Wiesner; Jean-Yves Bottero

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2011.06.008

A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing
[Un processus de prévision des risques pour les nanomatériaux et la nanofabrication]

Mark R. Wiesner ^1,^2,³ ; Jean-Yves Bottero ^1,^4,^2,³

¹ Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA
² Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), USA
³ International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (iCEINT), France
⁴ CEREGE UMR 6635, CNRS, Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 12 (2011) no. 7, pp. 659-668.

Résumé
Abstract

Les nanomatériaux ont des propriétés nouvelles qui permettent de nouvelles applications depuis lʼélectronique moléculaire jusquʼà la production dʼénergie. La prise en compte de leur impact potentiel sur la santé humaine et lʼenvironnement nécessite des méthodes prédictives associées à leur emploi. Toutefois la très grande variété de ces nanomatériaux ne permet pas de traiter la question du risque au cas par cas. La prévision des risques, surtout pour un grand nombre de matériaux, est rendue compliquée par les incertitudes sur les quantités produites, les caractéristiques de ces matériaux et leur utilisation, les causes dʼexposition, et le manque de données concernant leurs effets sur les organismes et les écosystèmes. Actuellement, une évaluation du risque associé à lʼémergence des nanomatériaux manufacturés est donc impossible par des méthodes traditionnelles.

Une autre méthode, faisant appel à un processus évolutif semble plus appropriée pour analyser ces risques. Dans cet article, nous proposons quʼune telle méthode devrait inclure six ingrédients-clés : (1) la capacité à produire des prévisions associées à des niveaux dʼincertitude pour des questions à court terme ; (2) la capacité à évaluer les sources pertinentes de nanomatériaux ; (3) une approche systémique des impacts de lʼutilisation et de la production des nanomatériaux prenant en compte le cycle de vie, au delà des approches toxicologiques ; (4) la possibilité dʼactualiser les prévisions des risques dès que des informations nouvelles sont connues ; (5) un retour pour améliorer les connaissances ; (6) la capacité à fournir un retour dʼanalyse pour diminuer lʼimpact des nanomatériaux via lʼamélioration des procédés fabrication. Ce dernier point implique que le risque potentiel associé à un nanomatériau doit pouvoir être mis en relation avec ses propriétés, de telle sorte que telle ou telle de ses caractéristiques est un indicateur de risque. Ainsi le procédé dʼévaluation des risques nécessite de sʼintéresser à des questions à court terme relatives à des nanomatériaux déjà dans le commerce mais aussi à des problèmes sur le long terme qui requièrent une recherche de base et des avancées théoriques. Dans lʼarticle nous soulignerons et discuterons les besoins associés à chacun des six ingrédients-clés cités ci-dessus.

Nanomaterials exhibit novel properties that enable new applications ranging from molecular electronics to energy production. Proactive consideration of the potential impacts on human health and the environment resulting from nanomaterial production and use requires methods for forecasting risk associated with of these novel materials. However, the potential variety of nanomaterials is virtually infinite and a case-by-case analysis of the risks these materials may pose is not possible. The challenge of forecasting risk for a broad number of materials is further complicated by large degrees of uncertainty concerning production amounts, the characteristics and uses of these materials, exposure pathways, and a scarcity of data concerning the relationship between nanomaterial characteristics and their effects on organisms and ecosystems. A traditional risk assessment on nanomaterials is therefore not possible at this time. In its place, an evolving process is needed for analyzing the risks associated with emerging nanomaterials-related industries.

In this communication, we propose that such a process should include the following six key features: (1) the ability to generate forecasts and associated levels of uncertainty for questions of immediate concern; (2) a consideration of all pertinent sources of nanomaterials; (3) an inclusive consideration of the impacts of activities stemming from nanomaterial use and production that extends beyond the boundaries of toxicology and include full life cycle impacts; (4) the ability to adapt and update risk forecasts as new information becomes available; (5) feedback to improve information gathering; and (6) feedback to improve nanomaterial design. Feature #6 implies that the potential risks of nanomaterials must ultimately be determined as a function of fundamental, quantifiable properties of nanomaterials, so that when these properties are observed in a new material, they can be recognized as indicators of risk. Thus, the required risk assessment process for nanomaterials addresses needs that span from urgent, short-term questions dealing with nanomaterials currently in commerce, to longer-term issues that will require basic research and advances in theory. In the following sections we outline issues surrounding each of these six features and discuss.

Publié le : 2011-08-24

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2011.06.008

Keywords: Risk assessment, Nanomaterials, Life cycle, Bayesian network
Mot clés : Evaluation des risques, Nanomatériaux, Cycle de vie, Réseau bayésien

Affiliations des auteurs :

Mark R. Wiesner ^{1, 2, 3} ; Jean-Yves Bottero ^{1, 4, 2, 3}

¹ Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA
² Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), USA
³ International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (iCEINT), France
⁴ CEREGE UMR 6635, CNRS, Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence, France

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Mark R. Wiesner; Jean-Yves Bottero. A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 12 (2011) no. 7, pp. 659-668. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2011.06.008. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2011.06.008/

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