Magnetic structures

Juan Rodríguez-Carvajal; Jacques Villain

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.004

Science in the making 2: From 1940 to the early 1980s / La science en mouvement 2 : de 1940 aux premières années 1980

Magnetic structures
[Structures magnétiques]

Juan Rodríguez-Carvajal ¹ ; Jacques Villain ²

¹ Diffraction Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
² Theory Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 7-8, pp. 770-802.

Résumé
Abstract

Alors que le ferromagnétisme est connu depuis des siècles, ce n'est qu'au vingtième siècle qu'on identifia des structures magnétiques plus complexes, comme le ferrimagnétisme, l'antiferromagnétisme, l'hélimagnétisme ou les structures magnétiques modulées. La possibilité de structures incommensurables ou à longue période fut d'abord déduite de modèles phénoménologiques tels que le modèle de Heisenberg. L'explication, plus fondamentale, de Rudermann, Kittel, Kasuya et Yoshida repose sur le phénomène général que sont les oscillations de Friedel. L'ordre cristallographique et l'ordre magnétique sont souvent antagonistes, et de leur coexistence résulte souvent une suite de transitions qui peuvent être continues ou non. La technique expérimentale la plus efficace pour l'étude de l'ordre magnétique est la diffraction de neutrons, mais l'analyse est souvent très compliquée et requiert des méthodes numériques élaborées impliquant la théorie des groupes. Dans le cas des structures incommensurables, il peut être intéressant de considérer le système physique tridimensionnel comme la section d'un cristal de dimension plus élevée. La détermination des structures magnétiques à partir des spectres neutroniques est facilitée par des programmes informatiques appropriés.

While ferromagnetism has been known since many centuries, more complex magnetic structures have only been identified in the twentieth century: ferrimagnetism, antiferromagnetism, helimagnetism, modulated structures… Incommensurable or long-period structures have first been deduced as consequences of phenomenological models, e.g., the Heisenberg Hamiltonian. The more fundamental explanation of Rudermann, Kittel, Kasuya, and Yoshida relies on the general phenomenon of Friedel oscillations. The coexistence of crystallographic order and magnetic order is sometimes antagonistic and results in sequences of transitions that may be continuous or not. The most effective experimental technique to observe magnetic order is neutron diffraction, but the analysis is sometimes very complicated and requires sophisticated numerical methods involving group theory. In the case of incommensurable structures, it may be useful to consider the three-dimensional system as the section of a higher-dimensional crystal. The determination of magnetic structures from neutron scattering data is facilitated by computers and adequate programs.

Publié le : 2019-07-26

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.004

Keywords: Magnetism, Neutron diffraction, Crystallography, Superspace, Incommensurable structures
Mot clés : Magnétisme, Diffraction des neutrons, Cristallographie, Superespace, Structures incommensurables

Affiliations des auteurs :

Juan Rodríguez-Carvajal ¹ ; Jacques Villain ²

¹ Diffraction Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
² Theory Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France

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Juan Rodríguez-Carvajal; Jacques Villain. Magnetic structures. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 7-8, pp. 770-802. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.004. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.07.004/

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