[Mécanismes physiques des décharges électriques sur de grands intervalles d'air]
La formation d'un éclair débute par le développement, dans l'air vierge, de décharges électriques de type « corona » et « leader », semblables à celles observées en laboratoire haute tension sur de grands intervalles d'air. Ainsi, les études expérimentale et théorique des décharges de laboratoire sont un moyen pour comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu dans le développement de l'éclair. Ces études ont abouti au développement de modèles physiques qui permettent de simuler les décharges électriques et qui peuvent être utilisées pour optimiser les protections contre la foudre.
Dans cet article, les mécanismes physiques associés à chaque étape du développement d'une décharge électrique sont décrits. On analyse la formation du « corona » et la propagation du « leader ». Pour chacun des mécanismes, des modèles de simulation sont présentés et analysés. A partir de ces modèles élémentaires, les auteurs développent des modèles complets pour simuler la propagation spatiale et temporelle des décharges électriques positive et négative de laboratoire. L'adaptation de ces modèles au cas de l'éclair est discutée dans le papier associé dans ce même volume.
The development of atmospheric lightning is initiated and sustained by the formation in virgin air of ‘streamer corona’ and ‘leader’ discharges, very similar to those observed in laboratory long sparks. Therefore, the experimental and theoretical investigations of these laboratory discharges have become of large interest to improve the physical knowledge of the lightning process and to develop self-consistent models that could be applied to new protection concepts.
In the present paper the fundamental processes of the subsequent phases of long air gap discharges are analyzed, from the first corona inception and development to the leader channel formation and propagation. For all these processes simulations models are discussed that have been essentially derived and simplified by the authors, in order to develop sequential time-dependent simulation of the laboratory breakdown, with both positive and negative voltages. The possibility of extending these models to the case of natural lightning is discussed in the companion paper, presented in this same volume.
Mot clés : décharge, modélisation, arc, leader, simulation, corona, éclair
@article{CRPHYS_2002__3_10_1335_0,
author = {I. Gallimberti and G. Bacchiega and Anne Bondiou-Clergerie and Philippe Lalande},
title = {Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
pages = {1335--1359},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
year = {2002},
doi = {10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7},
language = {en},
}
TY - JOUR AU - I. Gallimberti AU - G. Bacchiega AU - Anne Bondiou-Clergerie AU - Philippe Lalande TI - Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges JO - Comptes Rendus. Physique PY - 2002 SP - 1335 EP - 1359 VL - 3 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier DO - 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7 LA - en ID - CRPHYS_2002__3_10_1335_0 ER -
I. Gallimberti; G. Bacchiega; Anne Bondiou-Clergerie; Philippe Lalande. Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 3 (2002) no. 10, pp. 1335-1359. doi : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7/
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