Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges

I. Gallimberti; G. Bacchiega; Anne Bondiou-Clergerie; Philippe Lalande

doi:10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7

Mécanismes physiques du nuage d'orage et de l'éclair/The physics of thundercloud and lightning discharge

Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges
[Mécanismes physiques des décharges électriques sur de grands intervalles d'air]

I. Gallimberti ¹ ; G. Bacchiega ¹ ; Anne Bondiou-Clergerie ² ; Philippe Lalande ²

¹ IRS srl, via Vigonovese 81, 35127 Padova, Italy
² ONERA, 29, av. de la division Leclerc, 92332 Châtillon, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 3 (2002) no. 10, pp. 1335-1359.

Résumé
Abstract

La formation d'un éclair débute par le développement, dans l'air vierge, de décharges électriques de type « corona » et « leader », semblables à celles observées en laboratoire haute tension sur de grands intervalles d'air. Ainsi, les études expérimentale et théorique des décharges de laboratoire sont un moyen pour comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu dans le développement de l'éclair. Ces études ont abouti au développement de modèles physiques qui permettent de simuler les décharges électriques et qui peuvent être utilisées pour optimiser les protections contre la foudre.

Dans cet article, les mécanismes physiques associés à chaque étape du développement d'une décharge électrique sont décrits. On analyse la formation du « corona » et la propagation du « leader ». Pour chacun des mécanismes, des modèles de simulation sont présentés et analysés. A partir de ces modèles élémentaires, les auteurs développent des modèles complets pour simuler la propagation spatiale et temporelle des décharges électriques positive et négative de laboratoire. L'adaptation de ces modèles au cas de l'éclair est discutée dans le papier associé dans ce même volume.

The development of atmospheric lightning is initiated and sustained by the formation in virgin air of ‘streamer corona’ and ‘leader’ discharges, very similar to those observed in laboratory long sparks. Therefore, the experimental and theoretical investigations of these laboratory discharges have become of large interest to improve the physical knowledge of the lightning process and to develop self-consistent models that could be applied to new protection concepts.

In the present paper the fundamental processes of the subsequent phases of long air gap discharges are analyzed, from the first corona inception and development to the leader channel formation and propagation. For all these processes simulations models are discussed that have been essentially derived and simplified by the authors, in order to develop sequential time-dependent simulation of the laboratory breakdown, with both positive and negative voltages. The possibility of extending these models to the case of natural lightning is discussed in the companion paper, presented in this same volume.

Publié le : 2002-11-06

DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7

Keywords: streamer, leader, lightning, simulation, model, corona, discharge
Mots-clés : décharge, modélisation, arc, leader, simulation, corona, éclair

Affiliations des auteurs :

I. Gallimberti ¹ ; G. Bacchiega ¹ ; Anne Bondiou-Clergerie ² ; Philippe Lalande ²

¹ IRS srl, via Vigonovese 81, 35127 Padova, Italy
² ONERA, 29, av. de la division Leclerc, 92332 Châtillon, France

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I. Gallimberti; G. Bacchiega; Anne Bondiou-Clergerie; Philippe Lalande. Fundamental processes in long air gap discharges. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 3 (2002) no. 10, pp. 1335-1359. doi : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01414-7/

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Jianwei Gu; Shengxin Huang; Yufei Fu; Weijiang Chen; Dengfeng Cheng; Weidong Shi; Zhong Fu; Zhehao Pei; Xing Fan; Tianyu He Morphological characteristics of streamer region for long air gap positive discharge, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 54 (2021) no. 2, p. 025205 | DOI:10.1088/1361-6463/abbeb3
I. M. Kutsyk; L. P. Babich Heating of a Local Region of a Branching Streamer as a Starting Point of a Space Leader and a Negative-Leader Step, Plasma Physics Reports, Volume 47 (2021) no. 3, p. 251 | DOI:10.1134/s1063780x21030089
Xiangen Zhao; Marley Becerra; Yongchao Yang; Junjia He Elongation and branching of stem channels produced by positive streamers in long air gaps, Scientific Reports, Volume 11 (2021) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-83816-7
Fukun Wang; Jianguo Wang; Li Cai; Rui Su; Wenhan Ding; Zhiling Xu Leader-chasing behavior in negative artificial triggered lightning flashes, Scientific Reports, Volume 11 (2021) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-90940-x
D. Mitchard; P. Widger; A. Haddad Analysis of light emission and Schlieren from short gap high voltage streamers representing lightning impulses, Scientific Reports, Volume 11 (2021) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-03839-y
А.А. Сысоев; Д.И. Иудин Феноменология атмосферного электричества (окончание). Глоссарий, "Земля и Вселенная", Земля и Вселенная (2021) no. 2, p. 30 | DOI:10.7868/s0044394821020031
Bing Luo; Yingzhe Cui; Weihua Zhong, 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE) (2020), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/ichve49031.2020.9279837
Yinan Geng Research on injection charge characteristics of long streamer under positive lightning impulse voltage, AIP Advances, Volume 10 (2020) no. 2 | DOI:10.1063/1.5132297
Phillip Widger; Meirion Hills; Daniel Mitchard Schlieren Images of Negative Streamer and Leader Formations in CO2 and a CF3I-CO2 Electronegative Gas Mixture, Applied Sciences, Volume 10 (2020) no. 22, p. 8006 | DOI:10.3390/app10228006
Zefang Chen; Yang Zhang; Yanfeng Fan; Jingxuan Wang; Dong Zheng; Xiangpeng Fan; Liangtao Xu; Weitao Lyu; Yijun Zhang Evolution Characteristics during Initial Stage of Triggered Lightning Based on Directly Measured Current, Atmosphere, Volume 11 (2020) no. 6, p. 658 | DOI:10.3390/atmos11060658
Nan Zhang; Ping Yuan; Ting ting An; Meng Zhang; Rong rong Chen The conductivity and propagation property of lightning leader tip, Atmospheric Research, Volume 245 (2020), p. 105099 | DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105099
Xing Ge; Yujian Ding; Xiuyuan Yao; Fangcheng Lv; Bingxue Yang Computation of breakdown voltage of long rod-plane air gaps in large temperature and humidity range under positive standard switching impulse voltage, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 187 (2020), p. 106518 | DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106518
Rubin Jiang; Xiushu Qie; ZongXiang Li; Hongbo Zhang; Xiao Li; Shanfeng Yuan; Mingyuan Liu; Zhuling Sun; Abhay Srivastava; Minzhi Liu; Zilong Ma; Guanlin Lv Luminous Crown Residual Vs. Bright Space Segment: Characteristical Structures for the Intermittent Positive and Negative Leaders of Triggered Lightning, Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 47 (2020) no. 21 | DOI:10.1029/2020gl088107
He Tianyu; Shengxin Huang; Dengfeng Cheng; Yufei Fu; Zhong Fu; Kai Bian Relationship Between Brightness and Current of the Propagating Positive Leaders in Laboratory High Voltage Atmospheric Discharges, IEEE Access, Volume 8 (2020), p. 158559 | DOI:10.1109/access.2020.3015849
Liyang Huang; Qi Zhang; Jianbao Wang; Yantao Duan; Hailin Chen; Lihua Shi; Cheng Gao Experiment and Simulation Study on the Breakdown Current, Velocity, and E-Field in Air Gap Discharge, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Volume 62 (2020) no. 2, p. 324 | DOI:10.1109/temc.2019.2909402
Liyang Huang; Qi Zhang; Yantao Duan; Hailin Chen; Jianbao Wang; Lihua Shi; Cheng Gao Current Impulse Velocity After the Air Gap Breakdown at Atmospheric Pressure, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Volume 62 (2020) no. 2, p. 635 | DOI:10.1109/temc.2019.2900670
Yaqi Fang; Linong Wang; Rui Li; Jiachen Gao; Bin Song; Kai Liu Modelling for switching impulse breakdown of live working gaps between equipotential worker and transmission towers, IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, Volume 14 (2020) no. 7, p. 1271 | DOI:10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0789
Yishi Yue; Zhenyu Liao; Haiyue Wang; Yanhui Zou; Fuyong Huang; Cheng Wang Simulation Study on Discharge Process of Negative Polarity in UHV Tower-line Air Gap, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 571 (2020) no. 1, p. 012012 | DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/571/1/012012
Zhenyu Liao; Haiyue Wang; Yishi Yue; Yanhui Zou; Yafeng Chao; Cheng Wang Study on the Characteristics of UHV Negative Lightning Discharge in Tower-line Air Gap, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 571 (2020) no. 1, p. 012048 | DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/571/1/012048
Wahab Ali Shah; Junjia He; Tanveer Ahmad; Majid Ali Experimental study on the final jump phase in long air gap discharges, Journal of Electrostatics, Volume 106 (2020), p. 103473 | DOI:10.1016/j.elstat.2020.103473
C. Pavan; P. Fontanes; M. Urbani; N. C. Nguyen; M. Martinez‐Sanchez; J. Peraire; J. Montanya; C. Guerra‐Garcia Aircraft Charging and its Influence on Triggered Lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 125 (2020) no. 1 | DOI:10.1029/2019jd031245
A. A. Syssoev; D. I. Iudin; A. A. Bulatov; V. A. Rakov Numerical Simulation of Stepping and Branching Processes in Negative Lightning Leaders, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 125 (2020) no. 7 | DOI:10.1029/2019jd031360
Chen Cheng; Lipeng Liu; Hengxin He; Bin Luo; Jinyang Hu; Weijiang Chen; Junjia He Experimental study of the dynamics of leader initiation with a long dark period, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 53 (2020) no. 20, p. 205203 | DOI:10.1088/1361-6463/ab7625
Lian Chen; Ya-li Li; Wen-jun Sun; Meng Dong; Tian-you Feng; Lan Zhao; Dong Ding; Yong-jun Cheng Prediction of In-Orbit Power on Time for Transformer Based on Gas Permeation Analysis of the Seal Cavity, MAPAN, Volume 35 (2020) no. 2, p. 233 | DOI:10.1007/s12647-020-00365-6
Wenbo Jiang; Chunlin Tang; Bo Zhou Study on the Influencing Factors of Insulator on the Back-Flashover Lightning Withstand Performance of ±800 kV UHVDC Transmission Lines, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2020 (2020), p. 1 | DOI:10.1155/2020/5021408
B. M. Hare; O. Scholten; J. Dwyer; U. Ebert; S. Nijdam; A. Bonardi; S. Buitink; A. Corstanje; H. Falcke; T. Huege; J. R. Hörandel; G. K. Krampah; P. Mitra; K. Mulrey; B. Neijzen; A. Nelles; H. Pandya; J. P. Rachen; L. Rossetto; T. N. G. Trinh; S. ter Veen; T. Winchen Radio Emission Reveals Inner Meter-Scale Structure of Negative Lightning Leader Steps, Physical Review Letters, Volume 124 (2020) no. 10 | DOI:10.1103/physrevlett.124.105101
Jianghai Geng; Yaxi Chen; Fangcheng Lv; Ping Wang; Yujian Ding Photo electric properties during streamer-to-leader transition in a long positive sphere–plane gap, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 27 (2020) no. 8 | DOI:10.1063/5.0010277
C Pavan; M Martinez-Sanchez; C Guerra-Garcia Investigations of positive streamers as quasi-steady structures using reduced order models, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Volume 29 (2020) no. 9, p. 095004 | DOI:10.1088/1361-6595/aba863
A. A. Bulatov; D. I. Iudin; A. A. Sysoev Self-Organizing Transport Model of a Spark Discharge in a Thunderstorm Cloud, Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, Volume 63 (2020) no. 2, p. 124 | DOI:10.1007/s11141-020-10041-z
Yishi Yue; Yanhui Zou; Haiyue Wang; Weihua Zhou; Fuyong Huang, 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) (2019), p. 1489 | DOI:10.1109/ei247390.2019.9061947
Zixin Guo; Qingmin Li; Arturo Bretas; Vladimir A Rakov, 2019 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) (2019), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8973908
Jing-Yi Tu; She Chen; Feng Wang Influence of photoionization rates on positive streamer branching in atmospheric air, Acta Physica Sinica, Volume 68 (2019) no. 9, p. 095202 | DOI:10.7498/aps.68.20190060
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Shengwen Shu Background of Air Insulation Prediction Research, Air Insulation Prediction Theory and Applications (2019), p. 1 | DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-5163-0_1
Zixin Guo; Qingmin Li; Arturo Bretas; Vladimir A. Rakov A simplified physical model of negative leader in long sparks, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 176 (2019), p. 105955 | DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105955
Mingxing Du; Yu Tang; Min Li; Jiayong Zou; Yigang Ma; Jinyu Sun; Lei Liu; Qingguo Zeng Thermal Characteristics of Positive Leaders under Different Electrode Terminals in a Long Air Gap, Energies, Volume 12 (2019) no. 21, p. 4024 | DOI:10.3390/en12214024
Yaqi Zhang; Yongxia Han; Wenbo Zheng; Jie Yang; Lu Qu; Gang Liu; Xiangen Zhao; Licheng Li Study on Spatial-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of the Discharge Process in a 1 m Rod-Plate Gap Under Different Polarity Lightning Impulses, IEEE Access, Volume 7 (2019), p. 111396 | DOI:10.1109/access.2019.2934406
Yaqi Fang; Linong Wang; Rui Li; Qiushi Zhang; Jiachen Gao; Bin Song A Modified Model for Discharge Voltage of AC Transmission Line-Tower Air Gaps, IEEE Access, Volume 7 (2019), p. 71472 | DOI:10.1109/access.2019.2919440
Zixin Guo; Qingmin Li; Yufei Ma; Hanwen Ren; Zhiyang Fang; Chun Chen; Wah Hoon Siew Experimental Study on Lightning Attachment Manner to Wind Turbine Blades With Lightning Protection System, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 47 (2019) no. 1, p. 635 | DOI:10.1109/tps.2018.2873200
Hongyu Sun; Songling Huang; Qing Wang; Shen Wang; Wei Zhao Characteristics of Negative Corona Discharge in Air at Various Gaps, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 47 (2019) no. 1, p. 736 | DOI:10.1109/tps.2018.2884696
Xinyu Ma; Chijie Zhuang; Zezhong Wang; Rong Zeng Positive Leader Velocity and Discharge Current Considering Leader Branching Under Different Air Pressures, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 47 (2019) no. 5, p. 1939 | DOI:10.1109/tps.2018.2886570
Zhibin Qiu; Xuezong Wang; Jiangjun Ruan Application of a SVR model to predict lightning impulse flashover voltages of parallel gaps for insulator strings, IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 14 (2019) no. 10, p. 1455 | DOI:10.1002/tee.22963
Yingzhe Cui; Chijie Zhuang; Xuan Zhou; Rong Zeng The dynamic expansion of leader discharge channels under positive voltage impulse with different rise times in long air gap: Experimental observation and simulation results, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 125 (2019) no. 11 | DOI:10.1063/1.5085852
C. L. da Silva; R. G. Sonnenfeld; H. E. Edens; P. R. Krehbiel; M. G. Quick; W. J. Koshak The Plasma Nature of Lightning Channels and the Resulting Nonlinear Resistance, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 124 (2019) no. 16, p. 9442 | DOI:10.1029/2019jd030693
Abhay Srivastava; Rubin Jiang; Shanfeng Yuan; Xiushu Qie; Dongfang Wang; Hongbo Zhang; Zhuling Sun; Minyuan Liu Intermittent Propagation of Upward Positive Leader Connecting a Downward Negative Leader in a Negative Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 124 (2019) no. 24, p. 13763 | DOI:10.1029/2019jd031148
Pavel Polynkin; Zhanna Samsonova; Alexander Englesbe; Adrian Lucero; Jennifer Elle; Andreas Schmitt-Sody Channeling the dielectric breakdown of air by a sequence of laser-generated plasma filaments [Invited], Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Volume 36 (2019) no. 11, p. 3024 | DOI:10.1364/josab.36.003024
Oscar A. van der Velde; Joan Montanyà; Jesús A. López; Steven A. Cummer Gigantic jet discharges evolve stepwise through the middle atmosphere, Nature Communications, Volume 10 (2019) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-12261-y
Pei Xiao; Junjia He; Xiangen Zhao; Yongchao Yang; Wahab Ali shah On the stem diameter under positive impulses in long air gaps, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 26 (2019) no. 6 | DOI:10.1063/1.5089684
Li Zhang; Huanjing Lao; Guozheng Wang; Liang Zou; Tong Zhao; Zhiyang Fang A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency, Wind Energy, Volume 22 (2019) no. 10, p. 1310 | DOI:10.1002/we.2357
Xia Chao; Chen Xiujuan; Lu Tiantian; Shi Weidong; Lei Ting; Ma Xiaoguang; Zhang Zhaohua, 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON) (2018), p. 2458 | DOI:10.1109/powercon.2018.8601850
Carmen Guerra-Garcia; Ngoc Cuong Nguyen; Jaime Peraire; Manuel Martinez-Sanchez Charge Control Strategy for Aircraft-Triggered Lightning Strike Risk Reduction, AIAA Journal, Volume 56 (2018) no. 5, p. 1988 | DOI:10.2514/1.j056406
Gou Xue-Qiang; Zhang Yi-Jun; Li Ya-Jun; Chen Ming-Li Theroy and observation of bidirectional leader of lightning: Polarity asymmetry, instability, and intermittency, Acta Physica Sinica, Volume 67 (2018) no. 20, p. 205201 | DOI:10.7498/aps.67.20181079
Ming-Kit Chan; Mingli Chen; Ya-ping Du A macroscopic physical model for self-initiated upward leaders from tall grounded objects and its application, Atmospheric Research, Volume 200 (2018), p. 13 | DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.09.012
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan Electric Field Features and Its Application for Air Gap Breakdown Voltage Prediction, Electric Field (2018) | DOI:10.5772/intechopen.72230
Shijun Xie; F. D’Alessandro; Xiangen Zhao A three-dimensional downward leader model incorporating geometric and physical characteristics, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 163 (2018), p. 10 | DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2018.05.023
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Wei Lu; Xuezong Wang; Qi Jin Feature extraction of electric field distribution and its application in discharge voltage prediction of large sphere-plane air gaps, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 25 (2018) no. 3, p. 1030 | DOI:10.1109/tdei.2018.006851
Hans Kristian Meyer; Frank Mauseth; Atle Pedersen; Jonas Ekeberg Breakdown mechanisms of rod-plane air gaps with a dielectric barrier subject to lightning impulse stress, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 25 (2018) no. 3, p. 1121 | DOI:10.1109/tdei.2018.007023
Oscar Diaz; Vernon Cooray; Liliana Arevalo Numerical Modeling of Electrical Discharges in Long Air Gaps Tested With Positive Switching Impulses, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 46 (2018) no. 3, p. 611 | DOI:10.1109/tps.2018.2802039
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Wenjie Xu; Xuezong Wang; Daochun Huang Electrostatic field features on the shortest interelectrode path and a SVR model for breakdown voltage prediction of rod–plane air gaps, IET Science, Measurement Technology, Volume 12 (2018) no. 7, p. 886 | DOI:10.1049/iet-smt.2018.0058
A. Yu. Kostinskiy; V. S. Syssoev; N. A. Bogatov; E. A. Mareev; M. G. Andreev; M. U. Bulatov; D. I. Sukharevsky; V. A. Rakov Abrupt Elongation (Stepping) of Negative and Positive Leaders Culminating in an Intense Corona Streamer Burst: Observations in Long Sparks and Implications for Lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 123 (2018) no. 10, p. 5360 | DOI:10.1029/2017jd027997
S. A. Behnke; H. E. Edens; R. J. Thomas; C. M. Smith; S. R. McNutt; A. R. Van Eaton; C. Cimarelli; V. Cigala Investigating the Origin of Continual Radio Frequency Impulses During Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 123 (2018) no. 8, p. 4157 | DOI:10.1002/2017jd027990
Yongchao Yang; Junjia He; Xiangen Zhao; Pei Xiao Number of stems around the H.V. electrode in a 0.74-m air gap under positive impulse, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 25 (2018) no. 10 | DOI:10.1063/1.5055256
E. A. Sosnin; G. V. Naidis; V. F. Tarasenko; V. S. Skakun; V. A. Panarin; N. Yu. Babaeva; E. Kh. Baksht; V. S. Kuznetsov Apokamps produced by repetitive discharges in air, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 25 (2018) no. 8 | DOI:10.1063/1.5038099
Nikola Cvetanović; Oleksandr Galmiz; Petr Synek; Miroslav Zemánek; Antonín Brablec; Tomáš Hoder Electron density in surface barrier discharge emerging at argon/water interface: quantification for streamers and leaders, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Volume 27 (2018) no. 2, p. 025002 | DOI:10.1088/1361-6595/aaa578
Mohammed Adnane Douar; Abderrahmane Beroual; Xavier Souche Ignition and advancement of surface discharges at atmospheric air under positive lightning impulse voltage depending on perpendicular electric stress and solid dielectrics: modelling of the propagating phenomenology, The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, Volume 82 (2018) no. 2, p. 20801 | DOI:10.1051/epjap/2018180074
Yaoheng Xie; Yue Yishi; Huisheng Ye; Liu Yun; Yongheng Zhong; Xiangeng Zhao The development characteristics of the discontinuous leader under the positive switching impulse with low rate of voltage rising, The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, Volume 83 (2018) no. 2, p. 20802 | DOI:10.1051/epjap/2018180103
A. El-Zein; M. Talaat; A. Samir Positive streamer in gases: Physical approach from low to high energies, Vacuum, Volume 156 (2018), p. 469 | DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.07.051
Ho-Young Lee; Suhun Kim; Se-Hee Lee, 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) (2017), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/icems.2017.8056156
Rajdeep Majumder; Gaurang Chauhan; Grupesh Tapiawala; Sudhakar Reddy, 2017 3rd International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON) (2017), p. 80 | DOI:10.1109/catcon.2017.8280188
Li Zhang; Guozheng Wang; Wenfang Zhang; Yufei Ma; Zixin Guo; Qingmin Li An Electro-Geometric Model for Lightning Shielding of Multiple Wind Turbines, Energies, Volume 10 (2017) no. 9, p. 1272 | DOI:10.3390/en10091272
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Wenjie Xu; Congpeng Huang Energy storage features and a predictive model for switching impulse flashover voltages of long air gaps, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 24 (2017) no. 5, p. 2703 | DOI:10.1109/tdei.2017.006397
Qingmin Li; Yufei Ma; Zixin Guo; Hanwen Ren; Guozheng Wang; Waqas Arif; Zhiyang Fang; Wah Hoon Siew The lightning striking probability for offshore wind turbine blade with salt fog contamination, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 122 (2017) no. 7 | DOI:10.1063/1.4999311
N.C. Nguyen; C. Guerra-Garcia; J. Peraire; M. Martinez-Sanchez Computational study of glow corona discharge in wind: Biased conductor, Journal of Electrostatics, Volume 89 (2017), p. 1 | DOI:10.1016/j.elstat.2017.06.005
Rubin Jiang; Xiushu Qie; Hongbo Zhang; Mingyuan Liu; Zhuling Sun; Gaopeng Lu; Zhichao Wang; Yu Wang Channel branching and zigzagging in negative cloud-to-ground lightning, Scientific Reports, Volume 7 (2017) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03686-w
Francis Théberge; Jean-François Daigle; Jean-Claude Kieffer; François Vidal; Marc Châteauneuf Laser-guided energetic discharges over large air gaps by electric-field enhanced plasma filaments, Scientific Reports, Volume 7 (2017) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/srep40063
Wenfang Zhang; Li Zhang; Jingxian Cui; Guozheng Wang; Tong Zhao; Liang Zou; Xinghua Wang Optimal layout of wind farm for lightning protection based on lightning leader development model, The Journal of Engineering, Volume 2017 (2017) no. 13, p. 2261 | DOI:10.1049/joe.2017.0733
Xiangen Zhao; Junjia He; Hengxin He; Yishi Yue; Weijiang Chen, 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) (2016), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/iclp.2016.7791504
Zheng Dian-Chun; Ding Ning; Shen Xiang-Dong; Zhao Da-Wei; Zheng Qiu-Ping; Wei Hong-Qing Study on discharge phenomena of short-air-gap in needle-plate electrode based on fractal theory, Acta Physica Sinica, Volume 65 (2016) no. 2, p. 024703 | DOI:10.7498/aps.65.024703
Oscar Diaz; Liliana Arevalo; Vernon Cooray Parameter variation in leader channel models used in long air gap discharge simulation, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 139 (2016), p. 32 | DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.033
Zacharias G. Datsios; Pantelis N. Mikropoulos Modeling of lightning impulse behavior of long air gaps and insulators including predischarge current: Implications on insulation coordination of overhead transmission lines and substations, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 139 (2016), p. 37 | DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.036
Rong Zeng; Chijie Zhuang; Xuan Zhou; She Chen; Zezhong Wang; Zhanqing Yu; Jinliang He Survey of recent progress on lightning and lightning protection research, High Voltage, Volume 1 (2016) no. 1, p. 2 | DOI:10.1049/hve.2016.0004
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Daochun Huang; Mengting Wei; Liezheng Tang; Congpeng Huang; Wenjie Xu; Shengwen Shu Hybrid prediction of the power frequency breakdown voltage of short air gaps based on orthogonal design and support vector machine, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 23 (2016) no. 2, p. 795 | DOI:10.1109/tdei.2015.005398
Akira Sasaki; Susumu Kato; Eiichi Takahashii; Yasuaki Kishimoto; Takashi Fujii; Seiji Kanazawa Simulation of discharge in insulating gas from initial partial discharge to growth of a stepped leader using the percolation model, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 55 (2016) no. 2, p. 026101 | DOI:10.7567/jjap.55.026101
Zhichao Wang; Xiushu Qie; Rubin Jiang; Caixia Wang; Gaopeng Lu; Zhuling Sun; Mingyuan Liu; Yunjiao Pu High‐speed video observation of stepwise propagation of a natural upward positive leader, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 121 (2016) no. 24 | DOI:10.1002/2016jd025605
Pavlo Kochkin; Nikolai Lehtinen; Alexander (Lex) P J van Deursen; Nikolai Østgaard Pilot system development in metre-scale laboratory discharge, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 49 (2016) no. 42, p. 425203 | DOI:10.1088/0022-3727/49/42/425203
G. M. Milikh; A. V. Likhanskii; M. N. Shneider; A. Raina; A. George 2-D model of the streamer zone of a leader, Journal of Plasma Physics, Volume 82 (2016) no. 1 | DOI:10.1017/s0022377815001452
She Chen; Rong Zeng; Chijie Zhuang; Xuan Zhou; Yujian Ding Experimental Study on Branch and Diffuse Type of Streamers in Leader Restrike of Long Air Gap Discharge, Plasma Science and Technology, Volume 18 (2016) no. 3, p. 305 | DOI:10.1088/1009-0630/18/3/15
Pavlo Kochkin; Christoph Köhn; Ute Ebert; Lex van Deursen Analyzing x-ray emissions from meter-scale negative discharges in ambient air, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Volume 25 (2016) no. 4, p. 044002 | DOI:10.1088/0963-0252/25/4/044002
Gaopeng Lu; Hongbo Zhang; Rubin Jiang; Yanfeng Fan; Xiushu Qie; Mingyuan Liu; Zhuling Sun; Zhichao Wang; Ye Tian; Kun Liu Characterization of initial current pulses in negative rocket‐triggered lightning with sensitive magnetic sensor, Radio Science, Volume 51 (2016) no. 9, p. 1432 | DOI:10.1002/2016rs005945
Zhibin Qiu; Jiangjun Ruan; Daochun Huang; Ziheng Pu; Shengwen Shu A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 22 (2015) no. 4, p. 2125 | DOI:10.1109/tdei.2015.004887
Ryo Sasamoto; Takao Matsumoto; Yasuji Izawa; Kiyoto Nishijima Gas Heating and Streamer-to-Leader Transition of Impulse Surface Discharge on Quartz Glass in Atmospheric Air, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 43 (2015) no. 12, p. 4210 | DOI:10.1109/tps.2015.2494628
Xi Wang; Zhanqing Yu; Jinliang He; Rong Zeng Characteristics of Upward Leader Emerging From a Single-Phase Conductor With Different Voltage Class, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 30 (2015) no. 4, p. 1833 | DOI:10.1109/tpwrd.2015.2408320
Devendraa Siingh; R.P. Singh; Sarvan Kumar; T. Dharmaraj; Abhay K. Singh; Ashok K. Singh; M.N. Patil; Shubha Singh Lightning and middle atmospheric discharges in the atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Volume 134 (2015), p. 78 | DOI:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.001
Vernon Cooray On the mimimum length of leader channel and the minimum volume of space charge concentration necessary to initiate lightning flashes in thunderclouds, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Volume 136 (2015), p. 39 | DOI:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.09.008
B. E. Carlson; C. Liang; P. Bitzer; H. Christian Time domain simulations of preliminary breakdown pulses in natural lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 120 (2015) no. 11, p. 5316 | DOI:10.1002/2014jd022765
Christoph Köhn; Ute Ebert Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons, and protons associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 120 (2015) no. 4, p. 1620 | DOI:10.1002/2014jd022229
P O Kochkin; A P J van Deursen; U Ebert Experimental study on hard x-rays emitted from metre-scale negative discharges in air, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume 48 (2015) no. 2, p. 025205 | DOI:10.1088/0022-3727/48/2/025205
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X. Zhou; R. Zeng; C. Zhuang; S. Chen Experimental study on thermal characteristics of positive leader discharges using Mach-Zehnder interferometry, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 22 (2015) no. 6 | DOI:10.1063/1.4922660
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