[Cavitation chez les arbres]
Le transport de l'eau dans les arbres s'effectue sous tension (pression négative) selon la théorie de la tension–cohésion. L'eau étant physiquement instable dans ces conditions, les colonnes de sève sont sujettes à un risque de cavitation. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des techniques ont été développées pour étudier ce phénomène de cavitation chez les arbres. Bien qu'opérant constamment sous pressions très négatives, les arbres sont remarquablement prémunis du risque de cavitation. Ce n'est que lors de contraintes hydriques exceptionnelles (grandes sécheresses) ou face à des cycles de gel–dégel, que la cavitation se produit. La cavitation à pour origine une nucléation hétérogène, très probablement par l'aspiration d'une bulle d'air à travers les parois des conduits. Les pressions seuils de cavitation sont extrêmement variables entre espèces, caractère que l'on peut mettre en relation avec la grande diversité fonctionnelle et écologique des arbres.
Sap is transported under tension (i.e. negative pressure) in trees, according to the tension-cohesion theory. Since water is physically instable under negative pressure, a risk of cavitation is possible. Techniques have been developed during the past two decennia to study cavitation in trees. Trees appear remarkably immune to cavitation events. Cavities form only when extreme water stresses occur or when sap freezes. Nucleation is heterogeneous in trees, presumably caused by the aspiration of air bubbles through conduit walls. Threshold xylem pressures for cavitation vary greatly between species, in concordance with the great functional and ecological diversity of trees.
Mots-clés : Cavitation, Embolie, Arbre, Tension, Sécheresse, Xylème
Hervé Cochard 1
@article{CRPHYS_2006__7_9-10_1018_0, author = {Herv\'e Cochard}, title = {Cavitation in trees}, journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique}, pages = {1018--1026}, publisher = {Elsevier}, volume = {7}, number = {9-10}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.012}, language = {en}, }
Hervé Cochard. Cavitation in trees. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Nucleation, Volume 7 (2006) no. 9-10, pp. 1018-1026. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.012. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.012/
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- Root hydraulic conductance, gas exchange and leaf water potential in seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Quercus suber L. grown under different fertilization and light regimes, Environmental and Experimental Botany, Volume 67 (2009) no. 1, p. 269 | DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.07.004
- A safe hydraulic architecture as wood anatomical explanation for the difference in distribution of the mangroves Avicennia and Rhizophora, Functional Ecology, Volume 23 (2009) no. 4, p. 649 | DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01551.x
- New Insights into the Mechanisms of Water-Stress-Induced Cavitation in Conifers, Plant Physiology, Volume 151 (2009) no. 2, p. 949 | DOI:10.1104/pp.109.138305
- Capacitive effect of cavitation in xylem conduits: results from a dynamic model, Plant, Cell Environment, Volume 32 (2009) no. 1, p. 10 | DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01894.x
- Absolute limit for the capillary rise of a fluid, EPL (Europhysics Letters), Volume 82 (2008) no. 5, p. 56004 | DOI:10.1209/0295-5075/82/56004
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