[Nucléation de nouvelles particules dans l'atmosphère]
Une fraction significative du nombre total de particules présentes dans l'atmosphère est formée initialement par nucléation homogène à partir de la phase gazeuse. La nucléation binaire de l'acide sulfurique et de l'eau, la nucléation ternaire de l'acide sulfurique, de l'eau et de l'ammoniac, enfin la nucléation induite par les ions, sont vraisemblablement les processus de nucléation les plus importants dans le contexte des aérosols atmosphériques. Au cours des vingt dernières années, l'amélioration considérable des instruments de mesure a permis de nombreuses observations et caractérisations de la nucléation y compris la quantification du taux de nucléation, la caractérisation de la croissance et les premières caractérisations des nanoparticules dès leur formation. La nucléation a été observée en différents points de l'atmosphère : dans la couche limite, dans la troposphère libre, dans des zones éloignées de toute pollution, dans les zones côtières, dans les forêts boréales comme dans les zones urbaines et leurs panaches de pollution. Dans la plupart des cas, il est suggéré que l'acide sulfurique gazeux est le gaz précurseur essentiel. Après la nucléation, d'autres substances, notamment des composés organiques à basse pression de vapeur saturante, jouent souvent un rôle dans la croissance des aérosols. Les oxydes d'iode semblent responsables de la nucléation observée dans certaines zones côtières. De récents progrès théoriques permettent désormais un traitement cinétique du processus de nucléation, basé sur les caractéristiques thermochimiques mesurées de la formation des agrégats moléculaires. Cette approche représente une amélioration considérable par rapport au traitement classique de la nucléation.
Il est nécessaire de comprendre en détail les mécanismes de nucléation des aérosols atmosphériques, car les particules fraîchement formées influent directement sur la concentration et la distribution en tailles des aérosols atmosphériques. La formation des nuages et les précipitations en sont affectées, influençant le climat. Les émissions anthropiques influent fortement sur les processus de nucléation.
Malgré des efforts de recherche de grande envergure, il reste des incohérences substantielles, les études de laboratoire restant en désaccord avec les modélisations comme avec les observations sur le terrain. Quelques questions cruciales restent à résoudre en ce qui concerne la possibilité de prédire la nucléation atmosphérique de façon générale, en ce qui concerne les substances jouant un rôle dans la nucléation, puis dans la croissance, et en ce qui concerne la taille et la composition de l'agrégat critique.
A significant fraction of the total number of particles present in the atmosphere is formed originally by nucleation from the gas phase. Binary nucleation of sulphuric acid and water, ternary nucleation of sulphuric acid, water and ammonia and ion-induced nucleation are thought to be the most important aerosol nucleation processes in the atmosphere. Within the last two decades, instrumentation to observe and characterize nucleation has improved greatly and numerous observations of nucleation have been made including quantification of the nucleation rate, characterization of the growth process and first chemical characterizations of the freshly formed particles. Nucleation has been observed at many different places in the atmosphere: in the boundary layer, in the free troposphere, in remote locations, in coastal areas, in boreal forests as well as urban areas and pollution plumes. In most cases gaseous sulphuric acid is assumed to be the key precursor gas. After nucleation, other supersaturated substances, especially low vapour pressure organics often take part in the subsequent aerosol growth. Iodine oxides seem to be responsible for nucleation observed in some coastal areas.
Recent advances in modelling allow for a kinetic treatment of the nucleation process based on measured thermochemical data for the cluster formation. Considerable improvement over the classical nucleation treatment is expected from this approach.
A detailed understanding of atmospheric aerosol nucleation processes is needed as the freshly formed particles directly influence the number concentration and size distribution of the atmospheric aerosol. The formation of clouds and precipitation is affected and influences on climate are anticipated. Anthropogenic emissions influence atmospheric aerosol nucleation processes considerably.
Despite the comprehensive research efforts, substantial inconsistencies remain and conflicting results of laboratory studies, model studies as well as atmospheric observations persist. Several key questions about the predictability of atmospheric nucleation in general, about the substances, that take part in nucleation and subsequent growth and about the size and composition of the critical cluster, have not been resolved so far.
Mot clés : Aérosols, Nucléation, Particules, Clusters, Atmosphère
@article{CRPHYS_2006__7_9-10_1027_0,
author = {Joachim Curtius},
title = {Nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
pages = {1027--1045},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {7},
number = {9-10},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.018},
language = {en},
}
Joachim Curtius. Nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 7 (2006) no. 9-10, pp. 1027-1045. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.018. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.018/
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