Multiferroic RMnO<sub>3</sub> thin films

Josep Fontcuberta

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012

Multiferroic RMnO₃ thin films
[Films fins de RMnO₃ multiferroïque]

Josep Fontcuberta ¹

¹ Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 16 (2015) no. 2, pp. 204-226.

Résumé
Abstract

Les matériaux multiferroïques ont reçu une attention étonnante au cours des dernières décades liée à la possibilité de couplage entre les ordres ferroïques et à son potentiel pour de nouvelles applications et de nouveaux concepts de composants. De ce fait, une nouvelle connaissance des mécanismes de couplage et de la science des matériaux a émergé. Les pérovskites multiferroïques RMnO₃ sont au centre de ces progrès, en ce sens qu'elles fournissent une plateforme adaptée pour façonner les interactions spin–spin et spin–réseau.

En ce qui concerne les applications, le développement de films minces de matériaux multiferroïques a aussi énormément progressé, et de nos jours des films minces de manganites avec des propriétés similaires à celles des matériaux massifs existent. Nous passons en revue ici les résultats obtenus dans le domaine de la croissance de couches minces épitaxiés de RMnO₃ hexagonal et orthorhombique et de la caractérisation de leurs propriétés magnétiques et ferroélectriques. Nous discutons certains enjeux et proposons quelques idées pour des recherches et développements futurs.

Multiferroic materials have received an astonishing attention in the last decades due to expectations that potential coupling between distinct ferroic orders could inspire new applications and new device concepts. As a result, a new knowledge on coupling mechanisms and materials science has dramatically emerged. Multiferroic RMnO₃ perovskites are central to this progress, providing a suitable platform to tailor spin–spin and spin–lattice interactions.

With views towards applications, the development of thin films of multiferroic materials have also progressed enormously and nowadays thin-film manganites are available, with properties mimicking those of bulk compounds. Here we review achievements on the growth of hexagonal and orthorhombic RMnO₃ epitaxial thin films and the characterization of their magnetic and ferroelectric properties, we discuss some challenging issues, and we suggest some guidelines for future research and developments.

Publié le : 2015-02-24

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012

Keywords: Multiferroic perovskite films, Cycloidal antiferromagnetic thin films, Hexagonal ferroelectric thin films, Ferroelectric manganite thin films
Mot clés : Pérovskites multiferroïques, Couches minces antiferromagnétiques à l'ordre cycloïdal, Couches minces ferroélectriques hexagonales, Couches fines ferroélectriques d'oxydes de manganèse

Affiliations des auteurs :

Josep Fontcuberta ¹

¹ Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain

@article{CRPHYS_2015__16_2_204_0,
     author = {Josep Fontcuberta},
     title = {Multiferroic {RMnO\protect\textsubscript{3}} thin films},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     pages = {204--226},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {16},
     number = {2},
     year = {2015},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012},
     language = {en},
}

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Josep Fontcuberta
TI  - Multiferroic RMnO3 thin films
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Physique
PY  - 2015
SP  - 204
EP  - 226
VL  - 16
IS  - 2
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012
LA  - en
ID  - CRPHYS_2015__16_2_204_0
ER  -

%0 Journal Article
%A Josep Fontcuberta
%T Multiferroic RMnO3 thin films
%J Comptes Rendus. Physique
%D 2015
%P 204-226
%V 16
%N 2
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012
%G en
%F CRPHYS_2015__16_2_204_0

Josep Fontcuberta. Multiferroic RMnO₃ thin films. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 16 (2015) no. 2, pp. 204-226. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2015.01.012/

Bibliographie
Cité par

[1] J. Wang et al. Science, 299 (2003), p. 1719

[2] D. Lebeugle; D. Colson; A. Forget; M. Viret; P. Bonville; J.-F. Marucco; S. Fusil Phys. Rev. B, 76 (2007), p. 024116

[3] B. Lorenz Int. Sch. Res. Not., Condens. Matter Phys., 2013 (2013), p. 1

[4] H. Zheng et al. Science, 303 (2004), p. 661

[5] V. Laukhin et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 97 (2006), p. 227201

[6] Y.H. Chu et al. Nat. Mater., 7 (2008), p. 478

[7] V. Skumryev; V. Laukhin; I. Fina; X. Marti; F. Sanchez; M. Gospodinov; J. Fontcuberta Phys. Rev. Lett., 106 (2011), p. 057206

[8] V. García et al. Science, 327 (2010), p. 1106

[9] H. Bea; M. Gajek; M. Bibes; A. Barthelemy J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 20 (2008), p. 434221

[10] C.-W. Nan; M.I. Bichurin; S. Dong; D. Viehland; G. Srinivasan J. Appl. Phys., 103 (2008), p. 031101

[11] G. Srinivasan (D.R. Clarke; M. Ruhle; F. Zok, eds.), Annual Reviews Materials Research, vol. 40, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2010, p. 153

[12] C.A.F. Vaz; J. Hoffman; C.H. Anh; R. Ramesh Adv. Mater., 22 (2010), p. 2900

[13] J. Ma; J.M. Hu; Z. Li; C.W. Nan Adv. Mater., 23 (2011), p. 1062

[14] T. Kimura; T. Goto; H. Shintani; K. Ishizaka; T. Arima; Y. Tokura Nature, 426 (2003), p. 55

[15] T. Kimura, Annual Reviews Materials Research, vol. 37, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2007, p. 387

[16] Y. Tokura; S. Seki Adv. Mater., 22 (2010), p. 1554

[17] M. Gajek; M. Bibes; A. Barthelemy; K. Bouzehouane; S. Fusil; M. Varela; J. Fontcuberta; A. Fert Phys. Rev. B, 72 (2005), p. 020406

[18] E. Langenberg; I. Fina; P. Gemeiner; B. Dkhil; L. Fabrega; M. Varela; J. Fontcuberta Appl. Phys. Lett., 100 (2012), p. 022902

[19] M. Gajek; M. Bibes; S. Fusil; K. Bouzehouane; J. Fontcuberta; A.E. Barthelemy; A. Fert Nat. Mater., 6 (2007), p. 296

[20] A.A. Belik J. Solid State Chem., 195 (2012), p. 32

[21] L.W. Martín; Y.H. Chu; R. Ramesh Mater. Sci. Eng., R Rep., 68 (2010), p. 89

[22] G. Lawes; G. Srinivasan J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., 44 (2011), p. 243001

[23] A. Waintal; J.J. Capponi; E.F. Bertaut Solid State Commun., 4 (1966), p. 125

[24] S. Quezel; J. Rossatmi; E.F. Bertaut Solid State Commun., 14 (1974), p. 941

[25] P.A. Salvador; T.D. Doan; B. Mercey; B. Raveau Chem. Mater., 10 (1998), p. 2592

[26] I. Loa; P. Adler; A. Grzechnik; K. Syassen; U. Schwarz; M. Hanfland; G.K. Rozenberg; P. Gorodetsky; M.P. Pasternak Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 (2001), p. 125501

[27] H. Okamoto; N. Imamura; B.C. Hauback; A. Karppinen; H. Yamauchi; H. Fjevag Solid State Commun., 146 (2008), p. 152

[28] M. Mochizuki; N. Furukawa Phys. Rev. B, 80 (2009), p. 134416

[29] M. Fiebig; D. Frohlich; K. Kohn; S. Leute; T. Lottermoser; V.V. Pavlov; R.V. Pisarev Phys. Rev. Lett., 84 (2000), p. 5620

[30] D. Khomskii Physics, 2 (2009), p. 20

[31] T. Kimura; Y. Tokura J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 20 (2008), p. 434204

[32] S. Picozzi; K. Yamauchi; B. Sanyal; I.A. Sergienko; E. Dagotto Phys. Rev. Lett., 99 (2007), p. 227201

[33] I.A. Sergienko; E. Dagotto Phys. Rev. B, 73 (2006), p. 094434

[34] I.A. Sergienko; C. Sen; E. Dagotto Phys. Rev. Lett., 97 (2006), p. 227204

[35] T. Kimura Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys., 3 (2012), p. 93

[36] Y. Hamasaki; T. Shimizu; H. Taniguchi; T. Taniyama; S. Yasui; M. Itoh Appl. Phys. Lett., 104 (2014), p. 082906

[37] M. Gich; I. Fina; A. Morelli; F. Sánchez; M. Alexe; J. Gázquez; J. Fontcuberta; A. Roig Adv. Mater., 26 (2014), p. 4645

[38] B.B. Van Aken; T.T.M. Palstra; A. Filippetti; N.A. Spaldin Nat. Mater., 3 (2004), p. 164

[39] A.A. Bosak et al. Thin Solid Films, 400 (2001), p. 149

[40] J.H. Lee et al. Adv. Mater., 18 (2006), p. 3125

[41] J.H. Lee; P. Murugavel; D. Lee; T.W. Noh; Y. Jo; M.H. Jung; K.H. Jang; J.G. Park Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 (2007), p. 012903

[42] D. Lee; J.H. Lee; S.Y. Jang; P. Murugavel; Y.D. Ko; J.S. Chung J. Cryst. Growth, 310 (2008), p. 829

[43] N. Fujimura; T. Ishida; T. Yoshimura; T. Ito Appl. Phys. Lett., 69 (1996), p. 1011

[44] D. Ito; N. Fujimura; T. Yoshimura; T. Ito J. Appl. Phys., 93 (2003), p. 5563

[45] F. Bertaut; P. Fang; F. Forrat C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci., 256 (1963), p. 1958

[46] K.H. Wu; H.J. Chen; C.C. Hsieh; C.W. Luo; T.M. Uen; J.Y. Lin; J.Y. Juang J. Supercond. Nov. Magn., 26 (2013), p. 801

[47] I. Gelard; C. Dubourdieu; S. Pailhes; S. Petit; C. Simon Appl. Phys. Lett., 92 (2008), p. 232506

[48] X. Martí et al. J. Cryst. Growth, 299 (2007), p. 288

[49] N. Fujimura; H. Sakata; D. Ito; T. Yoshimura; T. Yokota; T. Ito J. Appl. Phys., 93 (2003), p. 6990

[50] S.Y. Jang; D. Lee; J.H. Lee; T.W. Noh; Y. Jo; M.H. Jung; J.S. Chung Appl. Phys. Lett., 93 (2008), p. 162507

[51] P. Murugavel; J.H. Lee; D. Lee; T.W. Noh; Y. Jo; M.H. Jung; Y.S. Oh; K.H. Kim Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 (2007), p. 142902

[52] X.B. Chen; T.M.H. Nguyen; D. Lee; S.Y. Jang; T.W. Noh; I.S. Yang Appl. Phys. Lett., 99 (2011), p. 052506

[53] D. Lee; H.S. Kim; S.Y. Jang; K.W. Joh; T.W. Noh; J. Yu; C.E. Lee; J.G. Yoon Phys. Rev. B, 81 (2010), p. 012101

[54] T. Kordel et al. Phys. Rev. B, 80 (2009), p. 045409

[55] T. Lonkai; D.G. Tomuta; U. Amann; J. Ihringer; R.W.A. Hendrikx; D.M. Tobbens; J.A. Mydosh Phys. Rev. B, 69 (2004), p. 134108

[56] A.A. Bosak; C. Dubourdieu; J.P. Senateur; O.Y. Gorbenko; A.R. Kaul J. Mater. Chem., 12 (2002), p. 800

[57] I.E. Graboy; A.A. Bosak; O.Y. Gorbenko; A.R. Kaul; C. Dubourdieu; J.P. Senateur; V.L. Svetchnikov; H.W. Zandbergen Chem. Mater., 15 (2003), p. 2632

[58] S. Venkatesan; C. Daumont; B.J. Kooi; B. Noheda; J.T.M. De Hosson Phys. Rev. B, 80 (2009), p. 214111

[59] C.J.M. Daumont; D. Mannix; S. Venkatesan; G. Catalan; D. Rubi; B.J. Kooi; J.T.M. De Hosson; B. Noheda J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 21 (2009), p. 182001

[60] D. Rubi; C. de Graaf; C.J.M. Daumont; D. Mannix; R. Broer; B. Noheda Phys. Rev. B, 79 (2009), p. 014416

[61] K.H. Wu; I.C. Gou; C.W. Luo; T.M. Uen; J.Y. Lin; J.Y. Juang; C.K. Chen; J.M. Lee; J.M. Chen Thin Solid Films, 518 (2010), p. 2275

[62] X. Martí; V. Skumryev; C. Ferrater; M.V. García-Cuenca; M. Varela; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Appl. Phys. Lett., 96 (2010), p. 222505

[63] S. Venkatesan; M. Doumlblinger; C. Daumont; B. Kooi; B. Noheda; J.T.M. De Hosson; C. Scheu Appl. Phys. Lett., 99 (2011), p. 222902

[64] C.L. Lu et al. Sci. Rep., 3 (2013), p. 3374

[65] T.H. Lin et al. J. Appl. Phys., 106 (2009), p. 103923

[66] J.G. Lin; T.C. Han; C.T. Wu; M.W. Chu; C.H. Chen J. Cryst. Growth, 310 (2008), p. 3878

[67] M. Ziese; A. Setzer; R. Wunderlich; C. Zandalazini; P. Esquinazi Phys. Rev. B, 84 (2011), p. 214424

[68] R. Wunderlich; C. Chiliotte; G. Bridoux; T. Maity; O. Kocabiyik; A. Setzer; M. Ziese; P. Esquinazi J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 324 (2012), p. 460

[69] Y.F. Hsiao; J.Y. Lai; J.Y. Lin; H.W. Fang; Y.T. Hung; C.W. Luo; K.H. Wu; T.M. Uen; J.Y. Juang Appl. Phys. Express, 6 (2013), p. 103201

[70] X. Martí; F. Sánchez; V. Skumryev; V. Laukhin; C. Ferrater; M.V. García-Cuenca; M. Varela; J. Fontcuberta Thin Solid Films, 516 (2008), p. 4899

[71] C.C. Hsieh; T.H. Lin; H.C. Shih; C.H. Hsu; C.W. Luo; J.Y. Lin; K.H. Wu; T.M. Uen; J.Y. Juang J. Appl. Phys., 104 (2008), p. 103912

[72] T.C. Han; J.G. Lin Appl. Phys. Lett., 94 (2009), p. 082502

[73] Y. Yu; X. Zhang; J.J. Yang; J.W. Wang; Y.G. Zhao J. Cryst. Growth, 338 (2012), p. 280

[74] T.C. Han; H.H. Chao Appl. Phys. Lett., 97 (2010), p. 232902

[75] N.V. Andreev; A. Sviridova; V.I. Chichkov; A.P. Volodin; C. Van Haesendonck; Y.M. Mukovskii J. Alloys Compd., 586 (2014), p. S343

[76] T.H. Lin et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92 (2008), p. 132503

[77] T.Y. Tsai; T.H. Lin; S. Slowry; C.W. Luo; K.H. Wu; J.Y. Lin; T.M. Uen; J.Y. Juang International Conference on Magnetism (Icm 2009), vol. 200, 2010, p. 012210

[78] D. Rubi; S. Venkatesan; B.J. Kooi; J.T.M. De Hosson; T.T.M. Palstra; B. Noheda Phys. Rev. B, 78 (2008), p. 020408

[79] A. Glavic; J. Voigt; J. Persson; Y.X. Su; J. Schubert; J. de Groot; W. Zande; T. Bruckel J. Alloys Compd., 509 (2011), p. 5061

[80] A. Glavic; C. Becher; J. Voigt; E. Schierle; E. Weschke; M. Fiebig; T. Bruckel Phys. Rev. B, 88 (2013), p. 054401

[81] M. Nakamura; Y. Tokunaga; M. Kawasaki; Y. Tokura Appl. Phys. Lett., 98 (2011), p. 082902

[82] Y. Hu; M. Bator; M. Kenzelmann; T. Lippert; C. Niedermayer; C.W. Schneider; A. Wokaun Appl. Surf. Sci., 258 (2012), p. 9323

[83] M. Bator et al., 12th International Conference on Muon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (Musr2011), vol. 30, 2012, p. 137

[84] J.S. White et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 111 (2013), p. 037201

[85] Y. Hu; D. Stender; M. Medarde; T. Lippert; A. Wokaun; C.W. Schneider Appl. Surf. Sci., 278 (2013), p. 92

[86] Y.M. Cui; Y.F. Tian; A.X. Shan; C.P. Chen; R.M. Wang Appl. Phys. Lett., 101 (2012), p. 122406

[87] V. Skumryev; M.D. Kuz'min; M. Gospodinov; J. Fontcuberta Phys. Rev. B, 79 (2009), p. 212414

[88] N. Jehanathan; O. Lebedev; I. Gelard; C. Dubourdieu; G. Van Tendeloo Nanotechnology, 21 (2010), p. 075705

[89] A. Munoz; M.T. Casais; J.A. Alonso; M.J. Martinez-Lope; J.L. Martinez; M.T. Fernandez-Diaz Inorg. Chem., 40 (2001), p. 1020

[90] B. Lorenz; Y.Q. Wang; C.W. Chu Phys. Rev. B, 76 (2007), p. 104405

[91] S.M. Feng; Y.S. Chai; J.L. Zhu; N. Manivannan; Y.S. Oh; L.J. Wang; Y.S. Yang; C.Q. Jin; K.H. Kim New J. Phys., 12 (2010), p. 073006

[92] T.H. Lin et al. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 21 (2009), p. 026013

[93] M. Garganourakis; Y. Bodenthin; R.A. de Souza; V. Scagnoli; A. Donni; M. Tachibana; H. Kitazawa; E. Takayama-Muromachi; U. Staub Phys. Rev. B, 86 (2012), p. 054425

[94] S. Ishiwata; Y. Kaneko; Y. Tokunaga; Y. Taguchi; T. Arima; Y. Tokura Phys. Rev. B, 81 (2010), p. 100411

[95] M. Mochizuki; N. Furukawa; N. Nagaosa Phys. Rev. B, 84 (2011)

[96] M. Tachibana; T. Shimoyama; H. Kawaji; T. Atake; E. Takayama-Muromachi Phys. Rev. B, 75 (2007), p. 144425

[97] Y.H. Huang; H. Fjellvag; M. Karppinen; C. Hauback; H. Yamauchi; J.B. Goodenough Chem. Mater., 18 (2003), p. 2130

[98] V.Y. Pomjakushin et al. New J. Phys., 11 (2009), p. 043019

[99] T. Goto; T. Kimura; G. Lawes; A.P. Ramirez; Y. Tokura Phys. Rev. Lett., 92 (2004), p. 257201

[100] W. Ratcliff; D. Kan; W.C. Chen; S. Watson; S.X. Chi; R. Erwin; G.J. McIntyre; S.C. Capelli; I. Takeuchi Adv. Funct. Mater., 21 (2011), p. 1567

[101] H. Jang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 106 (2011), p. 047203

[102] B.J. Kirby; D. Kan; A. Luykx; M. Murakami; D. Kundaliya; I. Takeuchi J. Appl. Phys., 105 (2009), p. 07d917

[103] N.O. Moreno; J.G.S. Duque; P.G. Pagliuso; C. Rettori; R.R. Urbano; T. Kimura J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 310 (2007), p. E364

[104] X. Martí et al. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 321 (2009), p. 1719

[105] C.J.M. Daumont; D. Mannix; S. Venkatesan; G. Catalan; D. Rubi; B.J. Kooi; J.T.M. De Hosson; B. Noheda J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 21 (2009), p. 182001

[106] S. Farokhipoor et al. Nature, 515 (2014), p. 379 (After completion of this review suggested that Mn-segregation at twin boundaries may lead to a local non-collinear spin arrangement that could be responsible for the observed magnetic remanence)

[107] J. Qi; L. Yan; H.D. Zhou; J.X. Zhu; S.A. Trugman; A.J. Taylor; Q.X. Jia; R.P. Prasankumar Appl. Phys. Lett., 101 (2012), p. 122904

[108] A. Munoz; J.A. Alonso; M.T. Casais; M.J. Martinez-Lope; J.L. Martinez; M.T. Fernandez-Diaz J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 14 (2002), p. 3285

[109] X. Martí; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta; M.V. García-Cuenca; C. Ferrater; M. Varela J. Appl. Phys., 99 (2006), p. 08p302

[110] X. Martí; V. Skumryev; V. Laukhin; R. Bachelet; C. Ferrater; M.V. García-Cuenca; M. Varela; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta J. Appl. Phys., 108 (2010), p. 123917

[111] X. Martí; V. Skumryev; V. Laukhin; F. Sánchez; M.V. García-Cuenca; C. Ferrater; M. Varela; J. Fontcuberta J. Mater. Res., 22 (2007), p. 2096

[112] X. Martí; I. Fina; V. Skumryev; C. Ferrater; M. Varela; L. Fábrega; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Appl. Phys. Lett., 95 (2009), p. 142903

[113] I. Fina; X. Marti; L. Fábrega; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Thin Solid Films, 518 (2010), p. 4710

[114] I. Fina; L. Fábrega; X. Marti; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Appl. Phys. Lett., 97 (2010), p. 232905

[115] I. Fina; L. Fábrega; X. Marti; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Appl. Phys. Lett., 99 (2011), p. 219901

[116] J. Fontcuberta Phase Transit., 85 (2012), p. 183

[117] I. Fina; V. Skumryev; D. O'Flynn; G. Balakrishnan; J. Fontcuberta Phys. Rev. B, 88 (2013), p. 100403

[118] H. Murakawa; Y. Onose; F. Kagawa; S. Ishiwata; Y. Kaneko; Y. Tokura Phys. Rev. Lett., 101 (2008), p. 197207

[119] I. Fina; L. Fábrega; X. Marti; F. Sánchez; J. Fontcuberta Phys. Rev. Lett., 107 (2011), p. 257601

[120] D. Meier; N. Leo; M. Maringer; T. Lottermoser; M. Fiebig; P. Becker; L. Bohaty Phys. Rev. B, 80 (2009), p. 224420

[121] J. Fontcuberta; I. Fina; L. Fábrega; F. Sánchez; X. Marti; V. Skumryev Phase Transit., 84 (2011), p. 555

[122] F. Jimenez-Villacorta; J.A. Gallastegui; I. Fina; X. Martí; J. Fontcuberta Phys. Rev. B, 86 (2012), p. 024420

[123] H. Wadati et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 (2012), p. 047203

[124] T. Katsufuji; S. Mori; M. Masaki; Y. Moritomo; N. Yamamoto; H. Takagi Phys. Rev. B, 64 (2001), p. 104419

[125] T. Choi; Y. Horibe; H.T. Yi; Y.J. Choi; W.D. Wu; S.W. Cheong Nat. Mater., 9 (2010), p. 253

[126] E.B. Lochocki; S. Park; N. Lee; S.W. Cheong; W.D. Wu Appl. Phys. Lett., 99 (2011), p. 232901

[127] W.D. Wu; Y. Horibe; N. Lee; S.W. Cheong; J.R. Guest Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 (2012), p. 077203

[128] Y.N. Geng; N. Lee; Y.J. Choi; S.W. Cheong; W.D. Wu Nano Lett., 12 (2012), p. 6055

[129] H. Das; A.L. Wysocki; Y.N. Geng; W.D. Wu; C.J. Fennie Nat. Commun., 5 (2014), p. 2998

Cité par Sources :

Commentaires - Politique