Imaging exoplanets with coronagraphic instruments

Raphaël Galicher; Johan Mazoyer

doi:10.5802/crphys.133

Imaging exoplanets with coronagraphic instruments
[Imager des exoplanètes grâce aux instruments coronographiques]

Raphaël Galicher ¹ ; Johan Mazoyer ²

¹ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
² LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2023), pp. 1-45.

Résumé
Abstract

L’exoplanétologie est un domaine très actif de l’astronomie moderne avec des questions encore ouvertes : comment les systèmes planétaires se forment-ils et évoluent-ils ; pourquoi une telle diversité d’exoplanètes est-elle observée (masse, rayon, paramètres orbitaux, température, composition) ; quelles sont les interactions entre les planètes, les disques circumstellaires et leur étoile hôte ? Plusieurs méthodes complémentaires sont utilisées pour la détection d’exoplanètes. Parmi celles-ci, l’imagerie permet la détection directe de la lumière réfléchie, diffusée ou émise par les exoplanètes et les disques circumstellaires. Ceci permet une caractérisation spectrale et polarimétrique. Obtenir une image d’exoplanète n’est cependant pas simple en raison du grand rapport de luminosité ( $10^{4}$ - $10^{10}$ ) et de la faible séparation angulaire (fraction de seconde d’angle) entre l’étoile et son environnement. Depuis deux décennies, de nombreuses techniques, dont la coronographie, ont été développées pour faire de l’imagerie des exoplanètes une réalité.

Cet article donne un large aperçu des sous-systèmes d’un instrument coronographique. Il a été écrit en particulier pour les non-spécialistes ou les nouveaux venus dans le domaine. Nous décrivons le fonctionnement de la coronographie et en proposons un formalisme mathématique. Nous expliquons la formation des tavelures stellaires et l’impact des aberrations de la surface d’onde sur les performances du coronographe. Nous présentons enfin les techniques instrumentales et de traitement du signal utilisées pour améliorer les performances des coronographes en minimisant activement ou en étalonnant a posteriori ces tavelures.

Exoplanetary science is a very active field of astronomy nowadays, with questions still opened such as how planetary systems form and evolve (occurrence, process), why such a diversity of exoplanets is observed (mass, radius, orbital parameters, temperature, composition), and what are the interactions between planets, circumstellar disk and their host star. Several complementary methods are used for the detection of exoplanets. Among these, imaging aims at the direct detection of the light reflected, scattered or emitted by exoplanets and circumstellar disks. This allows their spectral and polarimetric characterization. Such imaging remains challenging because of the large luminosity ratio ( $10^{4}$ - $10^{10}$ ) and the small angular separation (fraction of an arcsecond) between the star and its environment. Over the past two decades, numerous techniques, including coronagraphy, have been developed to make exoplanet imaging a reality.

This paper gives a broad overview of the subsystems that make up a coronagraphic instrument for imaging exoplanetary systems. It is especially intended for non-specialists or newcomers in the field. We explain the principle of coronagraphy and propose a formalism to understand their behavior. We discuss the impact of wavefront aberrations on the performance of coronagraphs and how they induce stellar speckles in the scientific image. Finally, we present instrumental and signal processing techniques used for on-sky minimization or a posteriori calibration of these speckles in order to improve the performance of coronagraphs.

Reçu le : 2022-11-18
Accepté le : 2022-12-06
Première publication : 2023-03-01

DOI : 10.5802/crphys.133

Keywords: Exoplanets, Astronomical Instrumentation, Coronagraphy, high-contrast imaging, high-angular resolution
Mot clés : Exoplanètes, Instrumentation astronomique, Coronographie, Imagerie Haut-contraste, Haute résolution angulaire

Affiliations des auteurs :

Raphaël Galicher ¹ ; Johan Mazoyer ²

Licence :

CC-BY 4.0

Droits d'auteur : Les auteurs conservent leurs droits

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     author = {Rapha\"el Galicher and Johan Mazoyer},
     title = {Imaging exoplanets with coronagraphic instruments},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     publisher = {Acad\'emie des sciences, Paris},
     year = {2023},
     doi = {10.5802/crphys.133},
     language = {en},
     note = {Online first},
}

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Raphaël Galicher; Johan Mazoyer. Imaging exoplanets with coronagraphic instruments. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2023), pp. 1-45. doi : 10.5802/crphys.133.

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