[Quantifier l’érosion de surface des sols]
Cet article de synthèse introduit tout d’abord le contexte général de l’érosion des sols, un processus naturel omniprésent impliquant des échelles spatio-temporelles extrèmement variées. Si cette perte de matière solide induite par toutes sortes d’écoulements fluides à la surface des sols est souvent source de beauté des paysages qui nous entourent, elle n’en constitue pas moins un risque majeur et fait peser des menaces croissantes dans le contexte du changement global comme la perte de fertilité des sols agricoles, le déclin des écosystèmes littoraux ou le besoin accru de sureté des ouvrages de protection contre les inondations. Par conséquent, il est essentiel de pouvoir prédire aux différentes échelles les niveaux futurs de retrait des sols afin de mettre en oeuvre de possibles mesures d’anticipation ou d’atténuation. Il convient pour cela de connaître la sensibilité à l’érosion d’un sol via une quantification expérimentale. Pour décrire plus en détail ce type de mesures, le choix est fait ici de restreindre le cadre considéré aux situations d’érosion de surface concentrée de sols homogènes, sur des échelles spatiales et temporelles restant modérées, et telle que typiquement étudiée dans les domaines de l’ingénierie civile ou environnementale. La mesure de l’érosion en elle-même est délicate et complexe, aussi bien pour déterminer le taux de matière érodée à une surface que pour sélectionner et quantifier une grandeur hydrodynamique pertinente, capable de rendre compte de la force exercée par l’écoulement. Un cadre conceptuel est ensuite nécessaire pour définir correctement une érodabilité du sol, condidérée comme une propriété intrinsèque du matériau à travers une loi empirique d’érosion. Dans l’approche la plus communément acceptée, cette érodibilité regroupe deux paramètres distincts : un seuil d’initiation de l’érosion, généralement choisi comme une contrainte de cisaillement critique, et un coefficient cinétique. Les différents types d’érodimètres issus de la litérature sont ensuite présentés et comparés, avec un descriptif spécifique et plus complet sur les trois principaux dispositifs utilisés en géomécanique (EFA, HET et JET). Enfin, avant de conclure et de suggérer quelques perspectives futures sur la thématique, nous présentons les nombreux avantages et utilisations possibles des valeurs d’érodabilité issues de ces essais, tout en montrant les limites de l’approche et les questions que celles-ci soulèvent.
This review first introduces the general context of soil erosion, an omnipresent natural process involving a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales. While this loss of solid matter induced by all kinds of fluid flows on the surface of soils is often a source of beauty in the landscapes that surround us, it also constitutes a major risk and poses growing threats in the context of global change as loss of agricultural soil fertility, decline in coastal ecosystems or increase in safety standards for flood protection structures. It is therefore essential to be able to predict future soil removal rates at multiple scales, in order to anticipate or mitigate their impacts. This requires experimental quantification of soil’s vulnerability to erosion. In order to describe this type of measurement in deeper detail, we restricted the scope of our review to situations of concentrated surface erosion of homogeneous soils, on moderate spatial and temporal scales, as typically studied in the fields of civil or environmental engineering. Measuring erosion itself is challenging, both in terms of determining the rate of mass removal from a surface, and in terms of selecting and quantifying a relevant hydrodynamic quantity to reflect the strength exerted by the flow. A conceptual framework is then required to correctly define soil’s erodibility, which is defined as an intrinsic property of the material through an empirical erosion law. In the most commonly accepted approach, this erodibility combines two distinct parameters: an erosion initiation threshold, generally chosen as a critical shear stress, and an erosion kinetic coefficient. The various types of erodimeters found in literature are then presented and compared, with a specific and more complete description of the three main devices used in geomechanics (EFA, HET and JET). Finally, before concluding and suggesting some perspectives on the topic, we outline the various advantages and applications of the erodibility values derived from experimental tests, while showing the limitations of the approach and the questions raised by them.
Révisé le :
Accepté le :
Première publication :
Mots-clés : Erosion, Mesure, Erodabilité des sols
Pierre Philippe 1 ; Nadia Benahmed 1
CC-BY 4.0
@article{CRPHYS_2024__25_S3_A20_0,
author = {Pierre Philippe and Nadia Benahmed},
title = {Quantifying soil surface erosion},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
publisher = {Acad\'emie des sciences, Paris},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.5802/crphys.225},
language = {en},
note = {Online first},
}
Pierre Philippe; Nadia Benahmed. Quantifying soil surface erosion. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-36. doi : 10.5802/crphys.225.
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