[Instabilité d’applications de transport optimal]
The stability of optimal transport maps with respect to perturbations of the marginals is a question of interest for several reasons, ranging from numerical analysis and statistics to the justification of the linearized optimal transport framework. Under various assumptions on the source measure, it is known that optimal transport maps are stable with respect to variations of the target measure.
In this note, we focus on the mechanisms that can, on the contrary, lead to instability. We identify two of them. We first show that instability may arise from the unboundedness of the density: we exhibit a source density on the unit ball of $\mathbb{R}^d$ which blows up at two points of the boundary and for which optimal transport maps are highly unstable. Then we prove that even for uniform densities on bounded open sets, optimal transport maps can be rather unstable sufficiently close to configurations where uniqueness of optimal plans is lost.
La stabilité des applications de transport optimal par rapport aux perturbations des marginales est une question importante à la fois en analyse numérique et en statistiques. Son étude est aussi directement liée à la possibilité de linéariser le transport optimal. Sous diverses hypothèses sur la mesure source, il est connu que les applications de transport optimal sont stables vis-à-vis des variations de la mesure cible.
Dans cette note, nous nous concentrons au contraire sur les mécanismes susceptibles de conduire à de l’instabilité. Nous en identifions deux. Nous montrons tout d’abord que l’instabilité peut provenir du caractère non borné de la densité : nous exhibons une densité source sur la boule unité de $\mathbb{R}^d$ qui diverge en deux points du bord et pour laquelle les applications de transport optimal sont fortement instables. Nous démontrons ensuite que, même pour des densités uniformes sur des ouverts bornés, les applications de transport optimal peuvent être assez instables à proximité de configurations où l’unicité des plans optimaux est perdue.
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Keywords: Optimal transport, stability, uniqueness, Wasserstein distance
Mots-clés : Transport optimal, stabilité, unicité, distance de Wasserstein
Cyril Letrouit  1
CC-BY 4.0
Cyril Letrouit. Unstable optimal transport maps. Comptes Rendus. Mathématique, Volume 364 (2026), pp. 333-344. doi: 10.5802/crmath.834
@article{CRMATH_2026__364_G2_333_0,
author = {Cyril Letrouit},
title = {Unstable optimal transport maps},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Math\'ematique},
pages = {333--344},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Acad\'emie des sciences, Paris},
volume = {364},
doi = {10.5802/crmath.834},
language = {en},
}
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