Comptes Rendus
no. 4
Photonique moleculaire : matériaux, physique et composants/Molecular photonics: materials, physics and devices
Organic photovoltaic materials and devices
Jean-Michel Nunzi1
1 ERT Cellules solaires photovoltaïques plastiques, Laboratoire POMA, UMR-CNRS 6136, Université d'Angers, 2, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 3 (2002) no. 4, pp. 523-542.

Organic photovoltaic solar cells bere an important potential of development in the search for low-cost modules for the production of domestic electricity. We review the principles and techniques needed for their development: organic semiconductors, their transport properties and photophysical characteristics, photovoltaic molecule and polymer structures, device technologies, electrical and optical behaviour of the cells, state of the art, limitations and perspectives. Despite some recent record efficiencies, research on organic solar cells is still in its infancy when stability and efficiency have to be compared with the performances of silicon cells. A nominal 10% solar efficiency is the research target for the next few years.

Les cellules solaires photovoltaïques organiques sont porteuses d'un potentiel de développement important dans la recherche de modules bas coût pour la production d'électricité domestique. Nous examinons les principes et techniques nécessaires à leur développement : les semi-conducteurs organiques, leurs propriétés de transport et leurs caractéristiques photo-physiques, les matériaux photovoltaı̈ques organiques, la technologie des dispositifs, le comportement électrique et optique des cellules, l'état de l'art, les limitations et les perspectives. Malgré de récents records, la recherche sur les cellules solaires organiques en est toujours à ses débuts lorsqu'on la compare au silicium en termes de performances en stabilité et en efficacité. Un rendement solaire nominal voisin de 10 % sera l'objectif des recherches pour les années qui viennent.

Accepté le :
Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01335-X
Keywords: photovoltaic solar cell, organic semiconductor, molecular engineering, photogeneration
Mots-clés : cellule solaire photovoltaïque, semi-conducteur organique, ingénierie moléculaire, photo-génération

Jean-Michel Nunzi 1

1 ERT Cellules solaires photovoltaïques plastiques, Laboratoire POMA, UMR-CNRS 6136, Université d'Angers, 2, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France 
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Jean-Michel Nunzi. Organic photovoltaic materials and devices. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 3 (2002) no. 4, pp. 523-542. doi : 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01335-X. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01335-X/

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  • Farzaneh Arabpour Roghabadi; Najmeh Ahmadi; Vahid Ahmadi; Aldo Di Carlo; Karim Oniy Aghmiuni; Ali Shokrolahzadeh Tehrani; Farzaneh Sadat Ghoreishi; Masoud Payandeh; Nasibeh Mansour Rezaei Fumani Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell and perovskite solar cell: Concepts, materials, current status, and opto-electronic properties, Solar Energy, Volume 173 (2018), p. 407 | DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.058
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  • B. Romero; G. Del Pozo; E. Destouesse; S. Chambon; B. Arredondo Circuital modelling of S-shape removal in the current–voltage characteristic of TiO x inverted organic solar cells through white-light soaking, Organic Electronics, Volume 15 (2014) no. 12, p. 3546 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2014.09.033
  • Hui Huang; Wei Deng Introduction to Organic Solar Cells, Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells (2014), p. 1 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-10855-1_1
  • Wenfei Shen; Jianguo Tang; Renqiang Yang; Hailin Cong; Xichang Bao; Yao Wang; Xinzhi Wang; Zhen Huang; Jixian Liu; Linjun Huang; Jiqing Jiao; Qingsong Xu; Weichao Chen; Laurence A. Belfiore Enhanced efficiency of polymer solar cells by incorporated Ag–SiO2core–shell nanoparticles in the active layer, RSC Adv., Volume 4 (2014) no. 9, p. 4379 | DOI:10.1039/c3ra45495a
  • Marco Notarianni; Kristy Vernon; Alison Chou; Muhsen Aljada; Jinzhang Liu; Nunzio Motta Plasmonic effect of gold nanoparticles in organic solar cells, Solar Energy, Volume 106 (2014), p. 23 | DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2013.09.026
  • L.F. Marchesi; E.C. Pereira The influence of the drying process on electrochemical properties of P3HT/PCBM (1.00/0.25wt | DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.04.018
  • Kimmo M. Kaunisto; Navaneetha K. Subbaiyan; Chandra Bikram K.C.; Vladimir I. Chukharev; Hanna M. Hakola; Tommi K. Vuorinen; Venla M. Manninen; Nikolai V. Tkachenko; Helge J. Lemmetyinen; Francis D'Souza The effect of thiophene substituents of fulleropyrrolidine acceptors on the performance of inverted organic solar cells, Synthetic Metals, Volume 195 (2014), p. 193 | DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.06.007
  • Agnieszka Iwan; Bartosz Boharewicz; Kacper Parafiniuk; Igor Tazbir; Lech Gorecki; Andrzej Sikora; Michal Filapek; Ewa Schab-Balcerzak New air-stable aromatic polyazomethines with triphenylamine or phenylenevinylene moieties towards photovoltaic application, Synthetic Metals, Volume 195 (2014), p. 341 | DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.07.004
  • Xue Wang; Jianhua Huang; Zhixiao Niu; Xin Zhang; Yuxi Sun; Chuanlang Zhan Dimeric naphthalene diimide based small molecule acceptors: synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties, Tetrahedron, Volume 70 (2014) no. 32, p. 4726 | DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.058
  • Kimmo M. Kaunisto; Paola Vivo; Rajeev K. Dubey; Vladimir I. Chukharev; Alexander Efimov; Nikolai V. Tkachenko; Helge J. Lemmetyinen Charge-Transfer Dynamics in Poly(3-hexylthiophene):Perylenediimide-C60 Blend Films Studied by Ultrafast Transient Absorption, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Volume 118 (2014) no. 20, p. 10625 | DOI:10.1021/jp501605k
  • Christina M. Davis; Yuki Kawashima; Kei Ohkubo; Jong Min Lim; Dongho Kim; Shunichi Fukuzumi; Jonathan L. Sessler Photoinduced Electron Transfer from a Tetrathiafulvalene-Calix[4]pyrrole to a Porphyrin Carboxylate within a Supramolecular Ensemble, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Volume 118 (2014) no. 25, p. 13503 | DOI:10.1021/jp504087b
  • Peter Sutter; Eli Sutter Microscopy of Graphene Growth, Processing, and Properties, Advanced Functional Materials, Volume 23 (2013) no. 20, p. 2617 | DOI:10.1002/adfm.201203426
  • Mihai Razvan Mitroi; Laurentiu Fara; Andrei Galbeaza Moraru Organic Solar Cells Modeling and Simulation, Advanced Solar Cell Materials, Technology, Modeling, and Simulation (2013), p. 120 | DOI:10.4018/978-1-4666-1927-2.ch008
  • Haifeng Xiang; Jinghui Cheng; Xiaofeng Ma; Xiangge Zhou; Jason Joseph Chruma Near-infrared phosphorescence: materials and applications, Chemical Society Reviews, Volume 42 (2013) no. 14, p. 6128 | DOI:10.1039/c3cs60029g
  • Zong-Xiang Xu; V. A. L. Roy Organic photovoltaic cells with copper (II) tetra-methyl substituted phthalocyanine, Chinese Physics B, Volume 22 (2013) no. 12, p. 128505 | DOI:10.1088/1674-1056/22/12/128505
  • Dechun Zou; Zhibin Lv; Dan Wang; Zengze Chu Fiber Solar Cells, Eco- and Renewable Energy Materials (2013), p. 145 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-33497-9_6
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  • Feilong Liu; Brian K. Crone; P. Paul Ruden; Darryl L. Smith Control of interface microscopic processes in organic bilayer structures and their effect on photovoltaic device performance, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 113 (2013) no. 4 | DOI:10.1063/1.4789622
  • Feilong Liu; Brian K. Crone; Paul Ruden; Darryl L. Smith Improving the Efficiency of Organic Photovoltaic Devices through Interface Engineering, MRS Proceedings, Volume 1537 (2013) | DOI:10.1557/opl.2013.911
  • Ram Prakash Singh; Omkar Singh Kushwaha Polymer Solar Cells: An Overview, Macromolecular Symposia, Volume 327 (2013) no. 1, p. 128 | DOI:10.1002/masy.201350516
  • Dixon D. S. Fung; Wallace C. H. Choy Introduction to Organic Solar Cells, Organic Solar Cells (2013), p. 1 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-4471-4823-4_1
  • Lie Chen; Xuee Li; Yiwang Chen Inter-crosslinking through both donor and acceptor with unsaturated bonds for highly efficient and stable organic solar cells, Polymer Chemistry, Volume 4 (2013) no. 23, p. 5637 | DOI:10.1039/c3py00693j
  • Pengcheng Li; Hui Tong; Jian Liu; Junqiao Ding; Zhiyuan Xie; Lixiang Wang An A′–A–D–A–A′ type small molecule based on 2,7-carbazole for solution-processed organic solar cells with high open-circuit voltage, RSC Advances, Volume 3 (2013) no. 45, p. 23098 | DOI:10.1039/c3ra43958e
  • N.A. El-Ghamaz; A.Z. El-Sonbati; M.A. Diab; A.A. El-Bindary; H.A. Seyam Optical properties of thermally evaporated 4-(4-nitrobenzalideneamino) antipyrine Schiff base thin films, Solid State Sciences, Volume 19 (2013), p. 19 | DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2013.01.015
  • Linjun Wang; Alexey V. Akimov; Liping Chen; Oleg V. Prezhdo Quantized Hamiltonian dynamics captures the low-temperature regime of charge transport in molecular crystals, The Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 139 (2013) no. 17 | DOI:10.1063/1.4828863
  • Amaresh Mishra; Peter Bäuerle Niedermolekulare organische Halbleiter auf dem Vormarsch – Ausblick auf künftige Solartechniken, Angewandte Chemie, Volume 124 (2012) no. 9, p. 2060 | DOI:10.1002/ange.201102326
  • Amaresh Mishra; Peter Bäuerle Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors on the Move: Promises for Future Solar Energy Technology, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Volume 51 (2012) no. 9, p. 2020 | DOI:10.1002/anie.201102326
  • Yong-June Choi; Hyung-Ho Park; Stephen Golledge; David C. Johnson A study on the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into MEH-PPV based organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells, Ceramics International, Volume 38 (2012), p. S525 | DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.068
  • M. Dongol; M.M. El-Nahass; A. El-Denglawey; A.F. Elhady; A.A. Abuelwafa Optical Properties of Nano 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-Prophyrin Nickel (II) Thin Films, Current Applied Physics, Volume 12 (2012) no. 4, p. 1178 | DOI:10.1016/j.cap.2012.02.051
  • Samantha E. Brown-Xu; Malcolm H. Chisholm; Judith C. Gallucci; Yagnaseni Ghosh; Terry L. Gustafson; Carly R. Reed Furan- and selenophene-2-carboxylato derivatives of dimolybdenum and ditungsten (MM): a comparison of their chemical and photophysical properties, Dalton Trans., Volume 41 (2012) no. 8, p. 2257 | DOI:10.1039/c1dt11889g
  • Teng Zhang; Erik Birgersson; Krishnamoorthy Ananthanarayanan; Chian Haw Yong; L. N. S. A. Thummalakunta; Joachim Luther Analysis of a device model for organic pseudo-bilayer solar cells, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 112 (2012) no. 8 | DOI:10.1063/1.4759165
  • Diego Cortizo-Lacalle; Calvyn T. Howells; Salvatore Gambino; Filipe Vilela; Zuzana Vobecka; Neil J. Findlay; Anto R. Inigo; Stuart A. J. Thomson; Peter J. Skabara; Ifor D. W. Samuel BODIPY-based conjugated polymers for broadband light sensing and harvesting applications, Journal of Materials Chemistry, Volume 22 (2012) no. 28, p. 14119 | DOI:10.1039/c2jm32374e
  • Ana T. Marques; Sara M. A. Pinto; Carlos J. P. Monteiro; J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo; Hugh D. Burrows; Ullrich Scherf; Mário J. F. Calvete; Mariette M. Pereira Energy transfer from fluorene‐based conjugated polyelectrolytes to on‐chain and self‐assembled porphyrin units, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Volume 50 (2012) no. 7, p. 1408 | DOI:10.1002/pola.25908
  • Maria Heuken; Hartmut Komber; Brigitte Voit Polystyrene‐Based C60 Acceptor Copolymers through Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry Approaches, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Volume 213 (2012) no. 1, p. 97 | DOI:10.1002/macp.201100547
  • Maria Heuken; Hartmut Komber; Tim Erdmann; Volodymyr Senkovskyy; Anton Kiriy; Brigitte Voit Fullerene-Functionalized Donor–Acceptor Block Copolymers through Etherification as Stabilizers for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells, Macromolecules, Volume 45 (2012) no. 10, p. 4101 | DOI:10.1021/ma300473w
  • Ben Minnaert; Peter Veelaert Guidelines for the Bandgap Combinations and Absorption Windows for Organic Tandem and Triple-Junction Solar Cells, Materials, Volume 5 (2012) no. 10, p. 1933 | DOI:10.3390/ma5101933
  • Geraldine L C Paulus; Moon-Ho Ham; Michael S Strano Anomalous thickness-dependence of photocurrent explained for state-of-the-art planar nano-heterojunction organic solar cells, Nanotechnology, Volume 23 (2012) no. 9, p. 095402 | DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/23/9/095402
  • L.N.S.A. Thummalakunta; Chian Haw Yong; Krishnamoorthy Ananthanarayanan; Joachim Luther P3HT based solution-processed pseudo bi-layer organic solar cell with enhanced performance, Organic Electronics, Volume 13 (2012) no. 10, p. 2008 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.054
  • Agnieszka Iwan; Marcin Palewicz; Mariusz Ozimek; Andrzej Chuchmala; Grzegorz Pasciak Influence of aluminium electrode preparation on PCE values of polymeric solar cells based on P3HT and PCBM, Organic Electronics, Volume 13 (2012) no. 11, p. 2525 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2012.07.029
  • Nadia Grossiord; Jan M. Kroon; Ronn Andriessen; Paul W.M. Blom Degradation mechanisms in organic photovoltaic devices, Organic Electronics, Volume 13 (2012) no. 3, p. 432 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2011.11.027
  • Kai Yao; Lie Chen; Ting Hu; Yiwang Chen Photocrosslinkable liquid–crystalline polymers for stable photovoltaics by adjusting side-chains spacing and fullerene size to control intercalation, Organic Electronics, Volume 13 (2012) no. 8, p. 1443 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2012.03.037
  • Bhooshan C. Popere; Andrea M. Della Pelle; Ambata Poe; S. Thayumanavan Macromolecular architectures for organic photovoltaics, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Volume 14 (2012) no. 12, p. 4043 | DOI:10.1039/c2cp23422j
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  • Agnieszka Iwan; Andrzej Chuchmała Perspectives of applied graphene: Polymer solar cells, Progress in Polymer Science, Volume 37 (2012) no. 12, p. 1805 | DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.08.001
  • Bruno Grimm; Dirk M. Guldi Biomimetic Motifs Toward the Construction of Artificial Reaction Centers, Supramolecular Chemistry of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (2012), p. 127 | DOI:10.1002/9783527650125.ch6
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  • Hao-Wei Han; Min-An Tsai; Ping-Chen Tseng; Yu-Lin Tsai; Liang-Hao Jin; Hsin-Chu Chen; Hsun-Wen Wang; Chien-Chung Lin; Peichen Yu; Hao-Chung Kuo, 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (2011), p. 000866 | DOI:10.1109/pvsc.2011.6186089
  • Roland Fitzner; Egon Reinold; Amaresh Mishra; Elena Mena‐Osteritz; Hannah Ziehlke; Christian Körner; Karl Leo; Moritz Riede; Matthias Weil; Olga Tsaryova; André Weiß; Christian Uhrich; Martin Pfeiffer; Peter Bäuerle Dicyanovinyl–Substituted Oligothiophenes: Structure‐Property Relationships and Application in Vacuum‐Processed Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells, Advanced Functional Materials, Volume 21 (2011) no. 5, p. 897 | DOI:10.1002/adfm.201001639
  • Sang Han Park; Hyo Jin Kim; Mann-Ho Cho; Yeonjin Yi; Sang Wan Cho; Jaehyun Yang; Hyoungsub Kim The effect of ZnO surface conditions on the electronic structure of the ZnO/CuPc interface, Applied Physics Letters, Volume 98 (2011) no. 8 | DOI:10.1063/1.3555440
  • Shun Wan; Felipe Gándara; Atsushi Asano; Hiroyasu Furukawa; Akinori Saeki; Sanjeev K. Dey; Lei Liao; Michael W. Ambrogio; Youssry Y. Botros; Xiangfeng Duan; Shu Seki; J. Fraser Stoddart; Omar M. Yaghi Covalent Organic Frameworks with High Charge Carrier Mobility, Chemistry of Materials, Volume 23 (2011) no. 18, p. 4094 | DOI:10.1021/cm201140r
  • Serap Günes; Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe; Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci Polymer Solar Cells, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (2011) | DOI:10.1002/0471440264.pst545
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  • Tingting Xu; Qiquan Qiao Conjugated polymer–inorganic semiconductor hybrid solar cells, Energy Environmental Science, Volume 4 (2011) no. 8, p. 2700 | DOI:10.1039/c0ee00632g
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  • B. Pokhrel; S. Konwer; A. Dutta; M. K. Huda; B. Ghosh; S. K. Dolui Study of photovoltaic performance of host‐guest system comprising photoluminescent polyurethane and rhodamine B dye, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Volume 122 (2011) no. 5, p. 3316 | DOI:10.1002/app.34430
  • Hassina Derbal-Habak New fullerene derivatives for the photovoltaic application, Journal of Photonics for Energy, Volume 1 (2011) no. 1, p. 011120 | DOI:10.1117/1.3576907
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  • Ping-Chen Tseng; Min-Hsiang Hsu; Min-An Tsai; Chih-Wei Chu; Hao-Chung Kuo; Peichen Yu Enhanced omnidirectional photon coupling via quasi-periodic patterning of indium-tin-oxide for organic thin-film solar cells, Organic Electronics, Volume 12 (2011) no. 6, p. 886 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2011.03.002
  • Ali Nourdine; Lara Perrin; Rémi de Bettignies; Stéphane Guillerez; Lionel Flandin; Nicole Alberola Synthesis and characterization of fullerene based systems for photovoltaic applications: Evidence for percolation threshold, Polymer, Volume 52 (2011) no. 26, p. 6066 | DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.042
  • Dongqin Bi; Fan Wu; Wenjin Yue; Qiyun Qu; Qi Cui; Zeliang Qiu; Changwen Liu; Wei Shen; Mingtai Wang Improved performance of MEH-PPV/ZnO solar cells by addition of lithium salt, Solar Energy, Volume 85 (2011) no. 11, p. 2819 | DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2011.08.016
  • Chia-Lung Tsai; Cheng-Lung Tsai; Guan-Ru He; Ting-Hong Su; Chang-Feng You; Yow-Jon Lin Current–voltage characteristics of AlCdO Schottky contact on the polished and unpolished p-type Si surfaces with and without light illumination, Solid-State Electronics, Volume 61 (2011) no. 1, p. 116 | DOI:10.1016/j.sse.2011.03.010
  • Jens Weber; Michael J. Bojdys; Arne Thomas Polymeric Frameworks: Toward Porous Semiconductors, Supramolecular Soft Matter (2011), p. 119 | DOI:10.1002/9781118095331.ch7
  • Emilie Ripaud; Yoann Olivier; Philippe Leriche; Jérôme Cornil; Jean Roncali Polarizability and Internal Charge Transfer in Thiophene–Triphenylamine Hybrid π-Conjugated Systems, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Volume 115 (2011) no. 30, p. 9379 | DOI:10.1021/jp203759e
  • Yuan Shang; Qikai Li; Lingyi Meng; Dong Wang; Zhigang Shuai Computational characterization of organic photovoltaic devices, Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, Volume 129 (2011) no. 3-5, p. 291 | DOI:10.1007/s00214-011-0924-x
  • Zong-Xiang Xu; V. A. L. Roy; Zeng-Tao Liu; C. S. Lee Importance of molecular alignment for organic photovoltaic devices, Applied Physics Letters, Volume 97 (2010) no. 16 | DOI:10.1063/1.3502598
  • Ishwor Khatri; Tetsuo Soga Carbon Nanotubes Towards Polymer Solar Cell, Carbon and Oxide Nanostructures, Volume 5 (2010), p. 101 | DOI:10.1007/8611_2010_16
  • Linjun Wang; Guangjun Nan; Xiaodi Yang; Qian Peng; Qikai Li; Zhigang Shuai Computational methods for design of organic materials with high charge mobility, Chem. Soc. Rev., Volume 39 (2010) no. 2, p. 423 | DOI:10.1039/b816406c
  • Olena Yurchenko; Jürgen Heinze; Sabine Ludwigs Electrochemically Induced Formation of Independent Conductivity Regimes in Polymeric Tetraphenylbenzidine Systems, ChemPhysChem, Volume 11 (2010) no. 8, p. 1637 | DOI:10.1002/cphc.201000131
  • Jiang Huang; JunSheng Yu; Hui Lin; YaDong Jiang Polaron-pair-dependent equivalent circuit parameters of organic solar cells based on CuPc and C60, Chinese Science Bulletin, Volume 55 (2010) no. 13, p. 1317 | DOI:10.1007/s11434-009-0338-5
  • Yaowen Li; Qing Guo; Zaifang Li; Jianing Pei; Wenjing Tian Solution processable D–A small molecules for bulk-heterojunction solar cells, Energy Environmental Science, Volume 3 (2010) no. 10, p. 1427 | DOI:10.1039/c003946b
  • Lei Zhao; Jun Wang; Zhiqun Lin Semiconducting nanocrystals, conjugated polymers, and conjugated polymer/nanocrystal nanohybrids and their usage in solar cells, Frontiers of Chemistry in China, Volume 5 (2010) no. 1, p. 33 | DOI:10.1007/s11458-009-0112-x
  • Xin Wang; Di Liu; Jiuyan Li Organic photovoltaic materials and thin-film solar cells, Frontiers of Chemistry in China, Volume 5 (2010) no. 1, p. 45 | DOI:10.1007/s11458-009-0208-3
  • Shengqiang Xiao; Samuel C. Price; Huaxing Zhou; Wei You Recent Progress on Highly Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells, Functional Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and Conversion, Volume 1034 (2010), p. 71 | DOI:10.1021/bk-2010-1034.ch006
  • Yuan Li; Wanyi Nie; Jiwen Liu; Ashton Partridge; D. L. Carroll The Optics of Organic Photovoltaics: Fiber-Based Devices, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Volume 16 (2010) no. 6, p. 1827 | DOI:10.1109/jstqe.2010.2044140
  • P. S. Chung; P. H. Holloway Effects of solution processing on the photovoltaic response of poly(n‐vinyl carbazole) films, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Volume 117 (2010) no. 1, p. 479 | DOI:10.1002/app.31428
  • H.M. Zeyada; M.M. El-Nahass; I.K. El-Zawawi; E.M. El-Menyawy Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylimino)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile thin films, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 71 (2010) no. 6, p. 867 | DOI:10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.03.036
  • Wei‐Hsin Chen; Tsung‐Hsien Lee; Mu‐Ting Su; Wei Lee Electro‐Optical Properties of Photovoltaic Cells Based on P3OT‐Liquid‐Crystal and P3OT‐Nanomaterial Blends, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, Volume 57 (2010) no. 5B, p. 1172 | DOI:10.1002/jccs.201000169
  • Yen Hsun Su; Yang‐Kai Wu; Young‐Chung Hsue Electronic Structure of Anthocyanidins Adsorbed on Buckminsterfullerene: First Principles Studies, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, Volume 57 (2010) no. 5B, p. 1212 | DOI:10.1002/jccs.201000178
  • Zhongjian Hu; Jianhua Zou; Carsten Deibel; Andre J. Gesquiere; Lei Zhai Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy and AFM Morphology Studies of a Diblock Copolymer Consisting of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Fullerene, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Volume 211 (2010) no. 22, p. 2416 | DOI:10.1002/macp.201000482
  • Roger C. Hiorns; Eric Cloutet; Emmanuel Ibarboure; Abdel Khoukh; Habiba Bejbouji; Laurence Vignau; Henri Cramail Synthesis of Donor−Acceptor Multiblock Copolymers Incorporating Fullerene Backbone Repeat Units, Macromolecules, Volume 43 (2010) no. 14, p. 6033 | DOI:10.1021/ma100694y
  • D. Aaron R. Barkhouse; Hugh E. Bishop; Bernard M. Henry; Graham R. Webster; Paul L. Burn; Hazel E. Assender Improving efficiency of MEH-PPV/TiO2 solar cells by lithium salt modification, Organic Electronics, Volume 11 (2010) no. 4, p. 649 | DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2010.01.005
  • Anne de Cuendias; Roger C Hiorns; Eric Cloutet; Laurence Vignau; Henri Cramail Conjugated rod–coil block copolymers and optoelectronic applications, Polymer International, Volume 59 (2010) no. 11, p. 1452 | DOI:10.1002/pi.2915
  • Young Min Nam; June Huh; Won Ho Jo Optimization of thickness and morphology of active layer for high performance of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 94 (2010) no. 6, p. 1118 | DOI:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.02.041
  • Huiyong Liu; V. Avrutin; N. Izyumskaya; Ü. Özgür; H. Morkoç Transparent conducting oxides for electrode applications in light emitting and absorbing devices, Superlattices and Microstructures, Volume 48 (2010) no. 5, p. 458 | DOI:10.1016/j.spmi.2010.08.011
  • Magdalena Skompska Hybrid conjugated polymer/semiconductor photovoltaic cells, Synthetic Metals, Volume 160 (2010) no. 1-2, p. 1 | DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.10.031
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