Advances in atomic fountains

S. Bize; P. Laurent; M. Abgrall; H. Marion; I. Maksimovic; L. Cacciapuoti; J. Grünert; C. Vian; F. Pereira dos Santos; P. Rosenbusch; P. Lemonde; G. Santarelli; P. Wolf; A. Clairon; A. Luiten; M. Tobar; C. Salomon

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003

Advances in atomic fountains
[Progrès en fontaines atomiques.]

Présenté par : Guy Laval

S. Bize ¹ ; P. Laurent ¹ ; M. Abgrall ¹ ; H. Marion ¹ ; I. Maksimovic ¹ ; L. Cacciapuoti ¹ ; J. Grünert ¹ ; C. Vian ¹ ; F. Pereira dos Santos ¹ ; P. Rosenbusch ¹ ; P. Lemonde ¹ ; G. Santarelli ¹ ; P. Wolf ¹ ; A. Clairon ¹ ; A. Luiten ² ; M. Tobar ² ; C. Salomon ³

¹ BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
² The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
³ Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Fundamental metrology, Volume 5 (2004) no. 8, pp. 829-843.

Résumé
Abstract

Cet article décrit le travail réalisé au BNM-SYRTE (Observatoire de Paris) ces dernières années, en vue de l'amélioration et de l'utilisation d'étalons de fréquence micro-onde fondés sur l'utilisation d'atomes refroidis par laser. Nous décrivons tout d'abord les améliorations récentes des fontaines atomiques à ¹³³Cs et ⁸⁷Rb. Une avancée importante est l'obtention d'une stabilité relative de fréquence de $1.6 \times 10^{−14} τ^{- 1 / 2}$ où τ est la durée de la mesure en secondes, grâce à l'utilisation routinière d'un oscillateur cryogénique à résonateur en saphir comme référence de fréquence locale ultra-stable. La deuxième avancée est une méthode puissante pour contrôler le déplacement de fréquence lié aux collisions froides. Ces deux progrès conduisent à une stabilité de fréquence de $2 \times 10^{−16}$ à 50 000 s, une première pour des étalons primaires. De plus, ces horloges réalisent la seconde du système international SI avec une exactitude de $7 \times 10^{−16}$ , une amélioration d'un ordre de grandeur par rapport aux dispositifs sans refroidissement laser. Les tests des lois fondamentales de la physique constituent une application importante des horloges atomiques ultra-précises. Dans une deuxième partie, nous décrivons la recherche d'une éventuelle variation des constantes fondamentales utilisant des fontaines à ¹³³Cs et ⁸⁷Rb. La troisième partie fait le point sur la réalisation d'une horloge spatiale à atomes froids PHARAO développée en collaboration avec le CNES. Cette horloge est l'un des instruments principaux de la mission spatiale ACES de l'ESA qui volera à bord de la station spatiale internationale en 2007-2008, en vue d'effectuer une nouvelle génération de tests de la Relativité.

This article describes the work performed at BNM-SYRTE (Observatoire de Paris) in the past few years, toward the improvement and the use of microwave frequency standards using laser-cooled atoms. First, recent improvements of the ¹³³Cs and ⁸⁷Rb atomic fountains are described. An important advance is the achievement of a fractional frequency instability of $1.6 \times 10^{−14} τ^{- 1 / 2}$ where τ is the measurement time in seconds, thanks to the routine use of a cryogenic sapphire oscillator as an ultra-stable local frequency reference. The second advance is a powerful method to control the frequency shift due to cold collisions. These two advances lead to a fractional frequency in stability of $2 \times 10^{−16}$ at 50 000 s between two independent primary standards. In addition, these clocks realize the SI second with an accuracy of $7 \times 10^{−16}$ , one order of magnitude below that of uncooled devices. Tests of fundamental physical laws constitute an important field of application for highly accurate atomic clocks. In a second part, we describe tests of possible variations of fundamental constants using ⁸⁷Rb and ¹³³Cs fountains. The third part is an update on the cold atom space clock PHARAO developed in collaboration with CNES. This clock is one of the main instruments of the ACES/ESA mission which will fly on board the International Space Station in 2007-2008, enabling a new generation of relativity tests.

Publié le : 2004-10-01

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003

Keywords: Atomic fountains, Microwave frequency standards, Laser-cooled atoms, Atomic clocks, PHARAO
Mots-clés : Fontaines atomiques, Étalons de fréquence micro-onde, Atomes refroidis par laser, Horloges atomiques, PHARAO

Affiliations des auteurs :

S. Bize ¹ ; P. Laurent ¹ ; M. Abgrall ¹ ; H. Marion ¹ ; I. Maksimovic ¹ ; L. Cacciapuoti ¹ ; J. Grünert ¹ ; C. Vian ¹ ; F. Pereira dos Santos ¹ ; P. Rosenbusch ¹ ; P. Lemonde ¹ ; G. Santarelli ¹ ; P. Wolf ¹ ; A. Clairon ¹ ; A. Luiten ² ; M. Tobar ² ; C. Salomon ³

¹ BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
² The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
³ Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

@article{CRPHYS_2004__5_8_829_0,
     author = {S. Bize and P. Laurent and M. Abgrall and H. Marion and I. Maksimovic and L. Cacciapuoti and J. Gr\"unert and C. Vian and F. Pereira dos Santos and P. Rosenbusch and P. Lemonde and G. Santarelli and P. Wolf and A. Clairon and A. Luiten and M. Tobar and C. Salomon},
     title = {Advances in atomic fountains},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     pages = {829--843},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {5},
     number = {8},
     year = {2004},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003},
     language = {en},
}

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Bize
AU  - P. Laurent
AU  - M. Abgrall
AU  - H. Marion
AU  - I. Maksimovic
AU  - L. Cacciapuoti
AU  - J. Grünert
AU  - C. Vian
AU  - F. Pereira dos Santos
AU  - P. Rosenbusch
AU  - P. Lemonde
AU  - G. Santarelli
AU  - P. Wolf
AU  - A. Clairon
AU  - A. Luiten
AU  - M. Tobar
AU  - C. Salomon
TI  - Advances in atomic fountains
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Physique
PY  - 2004
SP  - 829
EP  - 843
VL  - 5
IS  - 8
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003
LA  - en
ID  - CRPHYS_2004__5_8_829_0
ER  -

%0 Journal Article
%A S. Bize
%A P. Laurent
%A M. Abgrall
%A H. Marion
%A I. Maksimovic
%A L. Cacciapuoti
%A J. Grünert
%A C. Vian
%A F. Pereira dos Santos
%A P. Rosenbusch
%A P. Lemonde
%A G. Santarelli
%A P. Wolf
%A A. Clairon
%A A. Luiten
%A M. Tobar
%A C. Salomon
%T Advances in atomic fountains
%J Comptes Rendus. Physique
%D 2004
%P 829-843
%V 5
%N 8
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003
%G en
%F CRPHYS_2004__5_8_829_0

S. Bize; P. Laurent; M. Abgrall; H. Marion; I. Maksimovic; L. Cacciapuoti; J. Grünert; C. Vian; F. Pereira dos Santos; P. Rosenbusch; P. Lemonde; G. Santarelli; P. Wolf; A. Clairon; A. Luiten; M. Tobar; C. Salomon. Advances in atomic fountains. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Fundamental metrology, Volume 5 (2004) no. 8, pp. 829-843. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.003/

Bibliographie
Cité par

[1] Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology (P. Gill, ed.), World Scientific, Singapore, 2001 (See for instance)

[2] A. Clairon et al. A cesium fountain frequency standard: recent results, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., Volume 44 (1995), p. 128

[3] C.J. Bordé Atomic clocks and inertial sensors, Metrologia, Volume 39 (2002), p. 435

[4] Y. Sortais et al. Cold collision frequency shifts in a ⁸⁷Rb fountain, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 85 (2000), p. 3117

[5] C. Fertig; K. Gibble Measurement and cancellation of the cold collision frequency shift in an ⁸⁷Rb fountain clock, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 85 (2000), p. 1622

[6] P. Laurent et al. A cold atom clock in absence of gravity, Eur. Phys. J. D, Volume 3 (1998), p. 201

[7] A.G. Mann; S. Chang; A.N. Luiten Cryogenic sapphire oscillator with exceptionally high frequency stability, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., Volume 50 (2001), p. 519

[8] C. Vian, et al., BNM-SYRTE fountains: recent results, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas. (2004), submitted for publication

[9] K. Gibble; S. Chu A laser cooled Cs frequency standard and a measurement of the frequency shift due to ultra-cold collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 70 (1993), p. 1771

[10] S. Ghezali; P. Laurent; S.N. Lea; A. Clairon An experimental study of the spin-exchange frequency shift in a laser cooled cesium fountain standard, Europhys. Lett., Volume 36 (1996), p. 25

[11] F. Pereira Dos Santos et al. Controlling the cold collision shift in high precision atomic interferometry, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 89 (2002), p. 233004

[12] S. Bize et al. Cavity frequency pulling in cold atom fountains, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., Volume 50 (2001), p. 503

[13] H. Marion et al. First observation of feshbach resonances at very low magnetic field in a ¹³³Cs fountain, Proc. of the 2004 EFTF, 2004 | arXiv

[14] R. Schröder; U. Hübner; D. Griebsch Design and realization of the microwave cavity in the PTB caesium atomic fountain clock CSF1, IEEE T. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Contr., Volume 49 (2002), p. 383

[15] T.E. Parker et al. First comparison of remote cesium fountains, Proc. of the 2001 IEEE Intl. Freq. Cont. Symp., 2001, p. 63

[16] J.-Y. Richard et al. Comparison of remote cesium fountains using GPS P3 and TWSTFT links, Proc. of the 2004 EFTF, 2004

[17] T. Damour; F. Dyson The Oklo bound on the time variation of the fine-structure constant revisited, Nucl. Phys. B, Volume 480 (1996), p. 37

[18] Y. Fujii Time-variability of the fine-structure constant expected from the Oklo constraint and the QSO absorption lines, Phys. Lett. B, Volume 573 (2003), p. 39

[19] J.K. Webb et al. Further evidence for cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 87 (2001), p. 091301

[20] R. Srianand; H. Chand; P. Petitjean; B. Aracil Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 92 (2004), p. 121302

[21] W.J. Marciano Time variation of the fundamental “constants” and Kaluza–Klein theories, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 52 (1984), p. 489

[22] T. Damour; A. Polyakov The string dilaton and a least coupling principle, Nucl. Phys. B, Volume 423 (1994), p. 532

[23] T. Damour; F. Piazza; G. Veneziano Runaway dilaton and equivalence principle violations, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 89 (2002), p. 081601

[24] H. Marion et al. Search for variations of fundamental constants using atomic fountain clocks, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 90 (2003), p. 150801

[25] J.D. Prestage; R.L. Tjoelker; L. Maleki Atomic clocks and variations of the fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 74 (1995), p. 3511

[26] D.J. Berkeland et al. Laser-cooled mercury ion frequency standard, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 80 (1998), p. 2089

[27] M. Niering et al. Measurement of the hydrogen 1S–2S transition frequency by phase coherent comparison with a microwave cesium fountain clock, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 84 (2000), p. 5496

[28] J. Helmcke et al. Optical frequency standard based on cold Ca atoms, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., Volume 52 (2003), p. 250

[29] S. Bize et al. Testing the stability of fundamental constants with the ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ single-ion optical clock, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 90 (2003), p. 150802

[30] J. Stenger et al. Absolute frequency measurement of the 435.5 nm ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ clock transition with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser, Opt. Lett., Volume 26 (2001), p. 1589

[31] E. Peik et al. Proc. of the Joint Mtg. IEEE Intl. Freq. Cont. Symp. and EFTF Conf., 2003

[32] V.V. Flambaum, 2003 | arXiv

[33] V.V. Flambaum; D.B. Leinweber; A.W. Thomas; R.D. Young Limits on the temporal variation of the fine structure constant, quark masses and strong interaction from quasar absorption spectra and atomic clock experiments, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 69 (2004), p. 115006

[34] V.A. Dzuba; V.V. Flambaum; J.K. Webb Calculations of the relativistic effects in many-electron atoms and space–time variation of fundamental constants, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 59 (1999), p. 230

[35] V.A. Dzuba; V.V. Flambaum; J.K. Webb Space–time variation of physical constants and relativistic corrections in atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 82 (1999), p. 888

[36] V.A. Dzuba; V.V. Flambaum; J.K. Webb Atomic optical clocks and search for variation of the fine-structure constant, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 61 (2000), p. 034502

[37] S.G. Karshenboim Some possibilities for laboratory searches for variations of fundamental constants, Can. J. Phys., Volume 78 (2000), p. 639

[38] V.A. Dzuba; V.V. Flambaum; M.V. Marchenko Relativistic effects in Sr, Dy, YbII and YbIII and search for variation of the fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 68 (2003), p. 022506

[39] E.J. Angstmann; V.A. Dzuba; V.V. Flambaum Relativistic effects in two valence-electron atoms and ions and the search for variation of the fine-structure constant, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 70 (2004), p. 014102

[40] S. Bize et al. High-accuracy measurement of the ⁸⁷Rb ground-tate hyperfine splitting in an atomic fountain, Europhys. Lett., Volume 45 (1999), p. 558

[41] S. Bize et al. Proc. of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology (P. Gill, ed.), World Scientific, Singapore, 2001, p. 53

[42] X. Calmet; H. Fritzsch The cosmological evolution of the nucleon mass and the electroweak coupling constants, Eur. Phys. J. C, Volume 24 (2002), p. 639

[43] P. Langacker; G. Segre; M.J. Strassler Implications of gauge unification for time variation of the fine structure constant, Phys. Lett. B, Volume 528 (2002), p. 121

[44] M. Fischer et al. New limits on the drift of fundamental constants from laboratory measurements, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 92 (2004), p. 230802

[45] Th. Udem et al. Absolute frequency measurements of Hg⁺ and Ca optical clock transitions with a femtosecond laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 86 (2001), p. 4996

[46] E. Peik et al. New limit on the present temporal variation of the fine structure constant, 2004 | arXiv

[47] P. Laurent et al. Cesium fountains and micro-gravity clocks, Proc. of the 25th Moriond Conf. on Dark Matter in Cosmology, Clocks and Tests of Fundamental Laws, 1995

[48] J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 6 (1989), p. 2020 See for instance (special issue)

[49] C. Salomon; C. Veillet ACES: Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space, Proc. of the 1st ESA symposium on Space Station Utilization, SP385, 1996, p. 295

[50] F. Allard; I. Maksimovic; M. Abgrall; P. Laurent Automatic system to control the operation of an extended cavity diode laser, Rev. Sci. Instrum., Volume 75 (2004), p. 54

[51] C. Salomon et al. Cold atoms in space and atomic clocks: ACES, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. IV, Volume 2 (2001), p. 1313

[52] R.F.C. Vessot et al. Tests of relativistic gravitation with a space-borne hydrogen maser, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 45 (1980), p. 2081

[53] HYPER: Hyper-precision cold atom interferometry in space, ESA-SCI (2000) 10

[54] F. Narbonneau et al. Proc. of the 2004 EFTF conf., 2004

[55] Proc. of the 2003 IFCS-EFTF conf., 2003 (See for instance)

[56] B.C. Young; F.C. Cruz; W.M. Itano; J.C. Bergquist Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 82 (1999), p. 3799

[57] Th. Udem; R. Holzwarth; T.W. Hänsch Optical frequency metrology, Nature, Volume 416 (2002), p. 233

[58] H. Katori Spectroscopy of strontium atoms in the Lamb–Dicke confinement (P. Gill, ed.), Proc. of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, World Scientific, Singapore, 2001, p. 323

[59] H. Katori; M. Takamoto; V.G. Pal'chikov; V.D. Ovsiannikov Ultrastable optical clock with neutral atoms in an engineered ligth shift trap, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 91 (2003), p. 173005

[60] M. Takamoto; H. Katori Spectroscopy of the ¹S₀–³P₀ clock transition of ⁸⁷Sr in an optical lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 91 (2003), p. 223001

[61] J. Stenger et al. Phase-coherent frequency measurement of the Ca intercombination line at 657 nm with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 63 (2001), p. 021802

[62] I. Courtillot et al. Clock transition for a future optical frequency standard with trapped atoms, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 68 (2003), p. 030501

[63] T. Kuwamoto; K. Honda; Y. Takahashi; T. Yabuzaki Magneto-optical trapping of Yb atoms using an intercombination transition, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 60 (1999), p. R745

[64] C.Y. Park; T.H. Yoon Efficient magneto-optical trapping of Yb atoms with a violet laser diode, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 68 (2003), p. 055401

[65] S.G. Porsev; A. Derevianko; E.N. Fortson Possibility of an optical clock using the 6 ¹S₀–6 ³P₀ transition in ^171,173Yb atoms held in an optical lattice, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 69 (2004), p. 021403

A. E. Afanasiev; P. I. Skakunenko; V. I. Balykin Cold Atom Gravimeter Based on an Atomic Fountain and a Microwave Transition, JETP Letters, Volume 119 (2024) no. 2, p. 84 | DOI:10.1134/s002136402360372x
A. E Afanas'ev; P. I Skakunenko; V. I Balykin Atomnyy gravimetr na osnove atomnogo fontana i mikrovolnovogo perekhoda, Pisʹma v žurnal êksperimentalʹnoj i teoretičeskoj fiziki, Volume 119 (2024) no. 1-2, p. 89 | DOI:10.31857/s1234567824020034
Masao Takamoto; Hidetoshi Katori Optical lattice clocks and related platforms, Quantum Photonics (2024), p. 449 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-323-98378-5.00002-7
Ksenia Khabarova; Denis Kryuchkov; Alexander Borisenko; Ilia Zalivako; Ilya Semerikov; Mikhail Aksenov; Ivan Sherstov; Timur Abbasov; Anton Tausenev; Nikolay Kolachevsky Toward a New Generation of Compact Transportable Yb+ Optical Clocks, Symmetry, Volume 14 (2022) no. 10, p. 2213 | DOI:10.3390/sym14102213
Hui Li; Yuanbo Du; Xian Yang; Yunyi Guo; Mingming Liu; Wenbing Li; Hongli Liu; Zehuang Lu Optimization of Operation Parameters in a Cesium Atomic Fountain Clock Using Monte Carlo Method, IEEE Access, Volume 9 (2021), p. 132140 | DOI:10.1109/access.2021.3113161
Realization of the SI Second: Thermal Beam Cs Clock, Laser Cooling, and the Cs Fountain Clock, The New International System of Units (SI) (2019), p. 23 | DOI:10.1002/9783527814480.ch3
Tanja E Mehlstäubler; Gesine Grosche; Christian Lisdat; Piet O Schmidt; Heiner Denker Atomic clocks for geodesy, Reports on Progress in Physics, Volume 81 (2018) no. 6, p. 064401 | DOI:10.1088/1361-6633/aab409
Randolf Pohl; François Nez; Thomas Udem; Aldo Antognini; Axel Beyer; Hélène Fleurbaey; Alexey Grinin; Theodor W Hänsch; Lucile Julien; Franz Kottmann; Julian J Krauth; Lothar Maisenbacher; Arthur Matveev; François Biraben Deuteron charge radius and Rydberg constant from spectroscopy data in atomic deuterium, Metrologia, Volume 54 (2017) no. 2, p. L1 | DOI:10.1088/1681-7575/aa4e59
S. B. Koller; J. Grotti; St. Vogt; A. Al-Masoudi; S. Dörscher; S. Häfner; U. Sterr; Ch. Lisdat Transportable Optical Lattice Clock with7×10−17Uncertainty, Physical Review Letters, Volume 118 (2017) no. 7 | DOI:10.1103/physrevlett.118.073601
Ning Ru; Li Zhang; Yu Wang; Shangchun Fan, Volume 1740 (2016), p. 090005 | DOI:10.1063/1.4952692
Christian Stenzel Deployment of precise and robust sensors on board ISS—for scientific experiments and for operation of the station, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Volume 408 (2016) no. 24, p. 6517 | DOI:10.1007/s00216-016-9789-0
Laser Cooling, Atomic Clocks, and the Second, Quantum Metrology: Foundation of Units and Measurements (2015), p. 23 | DOI:10.1002/9783527680887.ch3
Andrew D. Ludlow; Martin M. Boyd; Jun Ye; E. Peik; P. O. Schmidt Optical atomic clocks, Reviews of Modern Physics, Volume 87 (2015) no. 2, p. 637 | DOI:10.1103/revmodphys.87.637
Microwave Frequency Standards Using New Physics, The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards (2015), p. 211 | DOI:10.1201/b18738-7
J. Guena; M. Abgrall; D. Rovera; P. Laurent; B. Chupin; M. Lours; G. Santarelli; P. Rosenbusch; M. E. Tobar; Ruoxin Li; K. Gibble; A. Clairon; S. Bize Progress in atomic fountains at LNE-SYRTE, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 59 (2012) no. 3, p. 391 | DOI:10.1109/tuffc.2012.2208
J. Guena; M. Abgrall; D. Rovera; P. Rosenbusch; B. Chupin; M. Lours; G. Santarelli; P. Laurent; S. Bize; A. Clairon; M. Tobar, 2011 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum (FCS) Proceedings (2011), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/fcs.2011.5977847
S. Mejri; L. Yi; J. J. McFerran; S. Bize, 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (2011), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/ursigass.2011.6050321
F.X. Esnault; N. Rossetto; D. Holleville; J. Delporte; N. Dimarcq HORACE: A compact cold atom clock for Galileo, Advances in Space Research, Volume 47 (2011) no. 5, p. 854 | DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2010.12.012
De-Sheng Lü; Qiu-Zhi Qu; Bin Wang; Jian-Bo Zhao; Tang Li; Liang Liu; Yu-Zhu Wang Miniaturized optical system for atomic fountain clock, Chinese Physics B, Volume 20 (2011) no. 6, p. 063201 | DOI:10.1088/1674-1056/20/6/063201
De-Sheng Lü; Qiu-Zhi Qu; Bin Wang; Jian-Bo Zhao; Liang Liu; Yu-Zhu Wang Improvement on Temperature Measurement of Cold Atoms in a Rubidium Fountain, Chinese Physics Letters, Volume 28 (2011) no. 6, p. 063201 | DOI:10.1088/0256-307x/28/6/063201
Y. Y. Jiang; A. D. Ludlow; N. D. Lemke; R. W. Fox; J. A. Sherman; L.-S. Ma; C. W. Oates Making optical atomic clocks more stable with 10−16-level laser stabilization, Nature Photonics, Volume 5 (2011) no. 3, p. 158 | DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2010.313
Y. B. Band; I. Osherov Collisionally induced atomic clock shifts and correlations, Physical Review A, Volume 84 (2011) no. 1 | DOI:10.1103/physreva.84.013822
Christian G. Parthey; Arthur Matveev; Janis Alnis; Birgitta Bernhardt; Axel Beyer; Ronald Holzwarth; Aliaksei Maistrou; Randolf Pohl; Katharina Predehl; Thomas Udem; Tobias Wilken; Nikolai Kolachevsky; Michel Abgrall; Daniele Rovera; Christophe Salomon; Philippe Laurent; Theodor W. Hänsch Improved Measurement of the Hydrogen1S–2STransition Frequency, Physical Review Letters, Volume 107 (2011) no. 20 | DOI:10.1103/physrevlett.107.203001
Masao TAKAMOTO Optical Lattice Clocks for Precision Frequency Metrology, The Review of Laser Engineering, Volume 39 (2011) no. 11, p. 825 | DOI:10.2184/lsj.39.825
Jocelyne Guena; Peter Rosenbusch; Philippe Laurent; Michel Abgrall; Daniele Rovera; Giorgio Santarelli; Michael E. Tobar; Sebastien Bize; Andre Clairon Demonstration of a dual alkali Rb/Cs fountain clock, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Volume 57 (2010) no. 3, p. 647 | DOI:10.1109/tuffc.2010.1461
J. Guena; P. Rosenbusch; Ph. Laurent; M. Abgrall; G. D. Rovera; G. Santarelli; S. Bize; A. Clairon; M. E. Tobar, 2009 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 22nd European Frequency and Time forum (2009), p. 764 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2009.5168288
G. Santarelli; G. Governatori; D. Chambon; M. Lours; P. Rosenbusch; J. Guena; F. Chapelet; S. Bize; M. Tobar; P. Laurent; T. Potier; A. Clairon Switching atomic fountain clock microwave interrogation signal and high-resolution phase measurements, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume 56 (2009) no. 7, p. 1319 | DOI:10.1109/tuffc.2009.1188
P. Lemonde Optical lattice clocks, The European Physical Journal Special Topics, Volume 172 (2009) no. 1, p. 81 | DOI:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01043-5
Robert Wynands Atomic Clocks, Time in Quantum Mechanics II, Volume 789 (2009), p. 363 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-03174-8_13
J. Guena; F. Chapelet; P. Rosenbusch; P. Laurent; M. Abgrall; G. D. Rovera; G. Santarelli; S. Bize; A. Clairon; M. E. Tobar, 2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2008), p. 366 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2008.4623021
Ken-ichi Watabe; Shinya Yanagimachi; Akifumi Takamizawa; Takeshi Ikegami; Shin-ichi Ohshima; Giorgio Santarelli; Clayton R. Locke; John G. Hartnett Cryogenic-Sapphire-Oscillator-Based Reference Signal at 1 GHz with 10-15 Level Instability, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 47 (2008) no. 9R, p. 7390 | DOI:10.1143/jjap.47.7390
X. Baillard; M. Fouché; R. Le Targat; P. G. Westergaard; A. Lecallier; F. Chapelet; M. Abgrall; G. D. Rovera; P. Laurent; P. Rosenbusch; S. Bize; G. Santarelli; A. Clairon; P. Lemonde; G. Grosche; B. Lipphardt; H. Schnatz An optical lattice clock with spin-polarized 87Sr atoms, The European Physical Journal D, Volume 48 (2008) no. 1, p. 11 | DOI:10.1140/epjd/e2007-00330-3
X. Baillard; M. Fouche; R. le Targat; P. G. Westergaard; A. Lecallier; F. Chapelet; S. Bize; P. Rosenbusch; M. Abgrall; P. Laurent; Y. Lecoq; G. D. Rovera; A. Clairon; P. Lemonde; B. Lipphardt; G. Grosche; H. Schnatz, 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - Pacific Rim (2007), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/cleopr.2007.4391551
Philippe Laurent; Chistian Jentsch; Andre Clairon; Pierre Lemonde; Giorgio Santarelli; Michel Abgrall; Christian Sirmain; Frederic Picard; Christophe Delaroche; Olivier Grosjean; Didier Blonde; Michel Chaubet; Philippe Guillemot; Jean Francois Vega; Isabelle Zenone; Nadine Ladiette; Christophe Salomon, 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum (2007), p. 1106 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2007.4319250
F. Chapelet; J. Guena; D. Rovera; P. Laurent; P. Rosenbusch; G. Santarelli; S. Bize; A. Clairon; M.E. Tobar; M. Abgrall, 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum (2007), p. 467 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2007.4319118
Michael Petersen; Daniel Magalhaes; Cipriana Mandache; Ouali Acef; Andre Clairon, 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum (2007), p. 649 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2007.4319154
M. Fouche; R. Le Targat; X. Baillard; A. Brusch; O. Tcherbakoff; G.D. Rovera; P. Lemonde Accuracy Evaluation of a $^{87} Sr$ Optical Lattice Clock, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 56 (2007) no. 2, p. 336 | DOI:10.1109/tim.2007.891137
W. LEWOCZKO-ADAMCZYK; A. PETERS; T. VAN ZOEST; E. RASEL; W. ERTMER; A. VOGEL; S. WILDFANG; G. JOHANNSEN; K. BONGS; K. SENGSTOCK; T. STEIMNETZ; J. REICHEL; T. KÖNEMANN; W. BRINKMANN; C. LÄMMERZAHL; H. J. DITTUS; G. NANDI; W. P. SCHLEICH; R. WALSER RUBIDIUM BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE UNDER MICROGRAVITY, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Volume 16 (2007) no. 12b, p. 2447 | DOI:10.1142/s0218271807011620
C. SALOMON; L. CACCIAPUOTI; N. DIMARCQ ATOMIC CLOCK ENSEMBLE IN SPACE: AN UPDATE, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Volume 16 (2007) no. 12b, p. 2511 | DOI:10.1142/s0218271807011681
Rodolphe Le Targat; Anders Brusch; Xavier Baillard; Mathilde Fouche; Olivier Tcherbakoff; Giovanni D. Rovera; Pierre Lemonde, 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition (2006), p. 149 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2006.275368
Jingbiao Chen; Xiaoji Zhou; Xuzong Chen, 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition (2006), p. 281 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2006.275396
Chr. Tamm; B. Lipphardt; H. Schnatz; R. Wynands; S. Weyers; T. Schneider; E. Peik, 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition (2006), p. 457 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2006.275429
Enrico Rubiola; Vincent Giordano, 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition (2006), p. 759 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2006.275484
P. Thomann; M. Plimmer; G. Di Domenico; N. Castagna; J. Guéna; G. Dudle; F. Füzesi Continuous beams of cold atoms for space applications, Applied Physics B, Volume 84 (2006) no. 4, p. 659 | DOI:10.1007/s00340-006-2398-4
A. Vogel; M. Schmidt; K. Sengstock; K. Bongs; W. Lewoczko; T. Schuldt; A. Peters; T. Van Zoest; W. Ertmer; E. Rasel; T. Steinmetz; J. Reichel; T. Könemann; W. Brinkmann; E. Göklü; C. Lämmerzahl; H.J. Dittus; G. Nandi; W.P. Schleich; R. Walser Bose–Einstein condensates in microgravity, Applied Physics B, Volume 84 (2006) no. 4, p. 663 | DOI:10.1007/s00340-006-2359-y
Ph. Laurent; M. Abgrall; Ch. Jentsch; P. Lemonde; G. Santarelli; A. Clairon; I. Maksimovic; S. Bize; Ch. Salomon; D. Blonde; J.F. Vega; O. Grosjean; F. Picard; M. Saccoccio; M. Chaubet; N. Ladiette; L. Guillet; I. Zenone; Ch. Delaroche; Ch. Sirmain Design of the cold atom PHARAO space clock and initial test results, Applied Physics B, Volume 84 (2006) no. 4, p. 683 | DOI:10.1007/s00340-006-2396-6
A Bauch; J Achkar; S Bize; D Calonico; R Dach; R Hlavać; L Lorini; T Parker; G Petit; D Piester; K Szymaniec; P Uhrich Comparison between frequency standards in Europe and the USA at the 10−15uncertainty level, Metrologia, Volume 43 (2006) no. 1, p. 109 | DOI:10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/016
A. K. Tuchman; R. Long; G. Vrijsen; J. Boudet; J. Lee; M. A. Kasevich Normal-mode splitting with large collective cooperativity, Physical Review A, Volume 74 (2006) no. 5 | DOI:10.1103/physreva.74.053821
Yu. V. Petrov; A. I. Nazarov; M. S. Onegin; V. Yu. Petrov; E. G. Sakhnovsky Natural nuclear reactor at Oklo and variation of fundamental constants: Computation of neutronics of a fresh core, Physical Review C, Volume 74 (2006) no. 6 | DOI:10.1103/physrevc.74.064610
Rodolphe Le Targat; Xavier Baillard; Mathilde Fouché; Anders Brusch; Olivier Tcherbakoff; Giovanni D. Rovera; Pierre Lemonde Accurate Optical Lattice Clock withSr87Atoms, Physical Review Letters, Volume 97 (2006) no. 13 | DOI:10.1103/physrevlett.97.130801
F. Narbonneau; M. Lours; S. Bize; A. Clairon; G. Santarelli; O. Lopez; Ch. Daussy; A. Amy-Klein; Ch. Chardonnet High resolution frequency standard dissemination via optical fiber metropolitan network, Review of Scientific Instruments, Volume 77 (2006) no. 6 | DOI:10.1063/1.2205155
Chr. Tamm; T. Schneider; E. Peik, Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, 2005. (2005), p. 83 | DOI:10.1109/leosst.2005.1528004
Shin-ichi Ohshima Recent Research Activities on Atomic Time Frequency Standards, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials, Volume 125 (2005) no. 6, p. 491 | DOI:10.1541/ieejfms.125.491
Gérard Petit; Peter Wolf Relativistic theory for time comparisons: a review, Metrologia, Volume 42 (2005) no. 3, p. S138 | DOI:10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s14
R Wynands; S Weyers Atomic fountain clocks, Metrologia, Volume 42 (2005) no. 3, p. S64 | DOI:10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s08
Christian J Bordé Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Volume 363 (2005) no. 1834, p. 2177 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2005.1635
Elisa Felicitas Arias The metrology of time, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Volume 363 (2005) no. 1834, p. 2289 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2005.1633
Pierre Lemonde; Peter Wolf Optical lattice clock with atoms confined in a shallow trap, Physical Review A, Volume 72 (2005) no. 3 | DOI:10.1103/physreva.72.033409
T. Schneider; E. Peik; Chr. Tamm Sub-Hertz Optical Frequency Comparisons between Two TrappedYb+171Ions, Physical Review Letters, Volume 94 (2005) no. 23 | DOI:10.1103/physrevlett.94.230801
P. Lemonde; P. Wolf, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005. (2005), p. 947 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2005.1574062
Ruoxin Li; K. Gibble, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005. (2005), p. 99 | DOI:10.1109/freq.2005.1573909

Cité par 61 documents. Sources : Crossref

Commentaires - Politique