Comptes Rendus
The optical calcium frequency standards of PTB and NIST
[Les étalons de fréquence optique au calcium de la PTB et du NIST.]
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 5 (2004) no. 8, pp. 845-855.

Nous décrivons le présent état de l'art des étalons de fréquence optique avec des atomes neutres de Ca refroidis par laser, réalisés dans deux différents laboratoires, dans le but de développer éventuellement une future horloge atomique dans le domaine optique. Les mesures de fréquences réalisées à la Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) et au National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ont permis d'établir la fréquence d'horloge du 40Ca parmi les fréquences optiques les mieux connues (avec une exactitude relative de 1.2×10−14), ces mesures de fréquence étant en bon accord dans les deux laboratoires dans la limite de leur incertitude respective. Potentiellement, une amélioration par plusieurs ordres de grandeur de l'exactitude relative de l'étalon semble possible.

We describe the current status of the Ca optical frequency standards with laser-cooled neutral atoms realized in two different laboratories for the purpose of developing a possible future optical atomic clock. Frequency measurements performed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) make the frequency of the clock transition of 40Ca one of the best known optical frequencies (relative uncertainty 1.2×10−14) and the measurements of this frequency in both laboratories agree to well within their respective uncertainties. Prospects for improvement by orders of magnitude in the relative uncertainty of the standard look feasible.

Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005
Keywords: Optical frequency standard, Atomic clock, Laser spectroscopy
Mot clés : Étalons de fréquence optique, Horloge atomique, Spectroscopie laser

U. Sterr 1 ; C. Degenhardt 1 ; H. Stoehr 2 ; Ch. Lisdat 2 ; H. Schnatz 1 ; J. Helmcke 1 ; F. Riehle 1 ; G. Wilpers 3 ; Ch. Oates 3 ; L. Hollberg 3

1 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
2 Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
3 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
@article{CRPHYS_2004__5_8_845_0,
     author = {U. Sterr and C. Degenhardt and H. Stoehr and Ch. Lisdat and H. Schnatz and J. Helmcke and F. Riehle and G. Wilpers and Ch. Oates and L. Hollberg},
     title = {The optical calcium frequency standards of {PTB} and {NIST}},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     pages = {845--855},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {5},
     number = {8},
     year = {2004},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005},
     language = {en},
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - U. Sterr
AU  - C. Degenhardt
AU  - H. Stoehr
AU  - Ch. Lisdat
AU  - H. Schnatz
AU  - J. Helmcke
AU  - F. Riehle
AU  - G. Wilpers
AU  - Ch. Oates
AU  - L. Hollberg
TI  - The optical calcium frequency standards of PTB and NIST
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Physique
PY  - 2004
SP  - 845
EP  - 855
VL  - 5
IS  - 8
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005
LA  - en
ID  - CRPHYS_2004__5_8_845_0
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A U. Sterr
%A C. Degenhardt
%A H. Stoehr
%A Ch. Lisdat
%A H. Schnatz
%A J. Helmcke
%A F. Riehle
%A G. Wilpers
%A Ch. Oates
%A L. Hollberg
%T The optical calcium frequency standards of PTB and NIST
%J Comptes Rendus. Physique
%D 2004
%P 845-855
%V 5
%N 8
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005
%G en
%F CRPHYS_2004__5_8_845_0
U. Sterr; C. Degenhardt; H. Stoehr; Ch. Lisdat; H. Schnatz; J. Helmcke; F. Riehle; G. Wilpers; Ch. Oates; L. Hollberg. The optical calcium frequency standards of PTB and NIST. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 5 (2004) no. 8, pp. 845-855. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2004.08.005/

[1] T.J. Quinn Practical realization of the definition of the metre, including recommended radiations of other optical frequency standards (2001), Metrologia, Volume 40 (2003), pp. 103-133

[2] A. Huber; B. Gross; M. Weitz; T.W. Hänsch Two-photon optical Ramsey spectroscopy of the 1S–2S transition in atomic hydrogen, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 58 (1998), p. R2631-R2634

[3] T. Udem; S.A. Diddams; K.R. Vogel; C.W. Oates; E.A. Curtis; W.D. Lee; W.M. Itano; R.E. Drullinger; J.C. Bergquist; L. Hollberg Absolute frequency measurement of the Hg+ and Ca optical clock transitions with a femtosecond laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 86 (2001), pp. 4996-4999

[4] E.L. Raab; M. Prentiss; A. Cable; S. Chu; D.E. Pritchard Trapping of neutral sodium atoms with radiation pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 59 (1987), pp. 2631-2634

[5] H. Katori; T. Ido; Y. Isoya; M. Kuwata-Gonokami Magneto-optical trapping and cooling of strontium atoms down to the photon recoil temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 82 (1999), pp. 1116-1119

[6] T. Binnewies; G. Wilpers; U. Sterr; F. Riehle; J. Helmcke; T.E. Mehlstäubler; E.M. Rasel; W. Ertmer Doppler cooling and trapping on forbidden transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 87 (2001), p. 123002

[7] D.J. Wineland; R.E. Drullinger; F.L. Walls Radiation-pressure cooling of bound resonant absorbers, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 40 (1978), pp. 1639-1642

[8] W. Neuhauser; M. Hohenstatt; P. Toschek; H. Dehmelt Optical-sideband cooling of visible atom cloud confined in parabolic well, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 41 (1978), pp. 233-236

[9] W. Paul Electromagnetic traps for charged and neutral particles, Rev. Mod. Phys., Volume 62 (1990), pp. 531-540

[10] T. Trebst; T. Binnewies; J. Helmcke; F. Riehle Suppression of spurious phase shifts in an optical frequency standard, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Volume 50 (2001), pp. 535-538

[11] G. Wilpers; C. Degenhardt; T. Binnewies; A. Chernyshov; F. Riehle; J. Helmcke; U. Sterr Improvement of the fractional uncertainty of a neutral atom calcium optical frequency standard to 2×10−14, Appl. Phys. B, Volume 76 (2003), pp. 149-156

[12] M. Takamoto; H. Katori Spectroscopy of the 1S03P0 clock transition of 87Sr in an optical lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 91 (2003), p. 223001

[13] J. Helmcke; G. Wilpers; T. Binnewies; C. Degenhardt; U. Sterr; H. Schnatz; F. Riehle Optical frequency standard based on cold Ca atoms, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Volume 52 (2003), pp. 250-254

[14] M. Niering; R. Holzwarth; J. Reichert; P. Pokasov; T. Udem; M. Weitz; T.W. Hänsch; P. Lemonde; G. Santarelli; M. Abgrall; P. Laurent; C. Salomon; A. Clairon Measurement of the hydrogen 1S–2S transition frequency by phase coherent comparison with a microwave cesium fountain clock, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 84 (2000), pp. 5496-5499

[15] J. von Zanthier; T. Becker; M. Eichenseer; A.Y. Nevsky; C. Schwedes; E. Peik; H. Walther; R. Holzwarth; J. Reichert; T. Udem; T.W. Hänsch; P.V. Pokasov; M.N. Skvortsov; S.N. Bagayev Absolute frequency measurement of the In+ clock transition with a mode-locked laser, Opt. Lett., Volume 25 (2000), pp. 1729-1731

[16] J. Stenger; C. Tamm; N. Haverkamp; S. Weyers; H.R. Telle Absolute frequency measurement of the 435.5-nm 171Yb+-clock transition with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser, Opt. Lett., Volume 26 (2001), pp. 1589-1591

[17] H.S. Margolis; G. Huang; G.P. Barwood; S.N. Lea; H.A. Klein; W.R.C. Rowley; P. Gill; R.S. Windeler Absolute frequency measurement of the 674-nm 88Sr+ clock transition using a femtosecond optical frequency comb, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 67 (2003), p. 032501

[18] J. Reichert; R. Holzwarth; T. Udem; T.W. Hänsch Measuring the frequency of light with mode-locked lasers, Opt. Commun., Volume 172 (1999), pp. 59-68

[19] T.M. Ramond; S.A. Diddams; L. Hollberg; A. Bartels Phase-coherent link from optical to microwave frequencies by means of the broadband continuum from a 1-GHz Ti:sapphire femtosecond oscillator, Opt. Lett., Volume 27 (2002), pp. 1842-1844

[20] L.-S. Ma; Z. Bi; A. Bartels; L. Robertsson; M. Zucco; R.S. Windeler; G. Wilpers; C. Oates; L. Hollberg; S.A. Diddams Optical frequency synthesis and comparison with uncertainty at the 10−19 level, Science, Volume 303 (2004), pp. 1843-1845

[21] S.A. Diddams; T. Udem; J.C. Bergquist; E.A. Curtis; R.E. Drullinger; L. Hollberg; W.M. Itano; W.D. Lee; C.W. Oates; K.R. Vogel; D.J. Wineland An optical clock based on a single trapped 199Hg+ ion, Science, Volume 293 (2001), pp. 825-828

[22] T. Kurosu; F. Shimizu Laser cooling and trapping of alkaline earth atoms, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Volume 31 (1992), pp. 908-912

[23] E.A. Curtis; C.W. Oates; L. Hollberg Quenched narrow-line second- and third-stage laser cooling of 40Ca, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 20 (2003), pp. 977-984

[24] C.W. Oates; E.A. Curtis; L. Hollberg Improved short-term stability of optical frequency standards: approaching 1 Hz in 1 s with the Ca standard at 657 nm, Opt. Lett., Volume 25 (2000), pp. 1603-1605

[25] G. Wilpers; T. Binnewies; C. Degenhardt; U. Sterr; J. Helmcke; F. Riehle Optical clock with ultracold neutral atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 89 (2002), p. 230801

[26] W.M. Itano; J.C. Bergquist; J.J. Bollinger; J.M. Gilligan; D.J. Heinzen; F.L. Moore; M.G. Raizen; D.J. Wineland Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 47 (1993), pp. 3554-3570

[27] R.W.P. Drever; J.L. Hall; F.V. Kowalski; J. Hough; G.M. Ford; A.J. Munley; H. Ward Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator, Appl. Phys. B, Volume 31 (1983), pp. 97-105

[28] B.C. Young; F.C. Cruz; W.M. Itano; J.C. Bergquist Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 82 (1999), pp. 3799-3802

[29] C.J. Bordé; C. Salomon; S. Avrillier; A. van Lerberghe; C. Bréant; D. Bassi; G. Scoles Optical Ramsey fringes with traveling waves, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 30 (1984), pp. 1836-1848

[30] C.J. Bordé Atomic interferometry with internal state labelling, Phys. Lett. A, Volume 140 (1989), pp. 10-12

[31] G. Santarelli; P. Laurent; P. Lemonde; A. Clairon; A.G. Mann; S. Chang; A.N. Luiten; C. Salomon Quantum projection noise in an atomic fountain: A high stability cesium frequency standard, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 82 (1999), pp. 4619-4622

[32] G.J. Dick; J. Prestage; C. Greenhall; L. Maleki Local oscillator induced degradation of medium-term stability in passive atomic frequency standards, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting, Vienna, VA, USA, 1990, pp. 487-509

[33] A. Quessada; R.P. Kovacich; I. Courtillot; A. Clairon; G. Santarelli; P. Lemonde The Dick effect for an optical frequency standard, J. Opt. B, Volume 5 (2003), p. S150-S154

[34] D.W. Allan Statistics of atomic frequency standards, Proc. IEEE, Volume 54 (1966), pp. 221-230

[35] R.J. Rafac; B.C. Young; J.A. Beall; W.M. Itano; D.J. Wineland; J.C. Bergquist Sub-dekahertz ultraviolet spectroscopy of 199Hg+, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 85 (2000), pp. 2462-2465

[36] R. Friedberg; S.R. Hartmann Billiard balls and matter-wave interferometry, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 48 (1993), pp. 1446-1472

[37] Y. Omi; A. Morinaga Thermal calcium atom interferometer comprised of three copropagating traveling laser beams, Appl. Phys. B, Volume 67 (1998), pp. 621-625

[38] E.A. Curtis, Quenched narrow-line laser cooling of 40Ca with application to an optical clock based on ultracold neutral Ca atoms, Tech. rep., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA, Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2003

[39] C. Degenhardt, T. Nazarova, C. Lisdat, H. Stoehr, U. Sterr, F. Riehle, Influence of chirped excitation pulses in an optical clock with ultracold calcium atoms, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. (2004), in press

[40] N. Beverini; E. Maccioni; F. Strumia gJ factor of neutral calcium 3P metastable levels, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Volume 15 (1998), pp. 2206-2209

[41] N. Beverini; F. Strumia High precision measurements of the Zeeman effect in the Calcium metastable states, Interaction of Radiation with Matter, A Volume in Honour of A. Gozzini, Quaderni della Scuola Normale Superiore de Pisa, Pisa, 1987, pp. 361-373

[42] G. Zinner, Ein optisches Frequenznormal auf der Basis lasergekühlter Calciumatome, PTB-Bericht PTB-Opt–58, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, 1998

[43] C.W. Oates; F. Bondu; R.W. Fox; L. Hollberg A diode-laser optical frequency standard based on laser-cooled Ca atoms: sub-kilohertz spectroscopy by optical shelving detection, Eur. Phys. J. D, Volume 7 (1999), pp. 449-460

[44] K. Zeiske, Atominterferometrie in statischen elektrischen Feldern, PTB-Bericht PTB-Opt–48, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, 1995

[45] J.W. Farley; W.H. Wing Accurate calculation of dynamic Stark shifts and depopulation rates of Rydberg energy levels induced by blackbody radiation. Hydrogen, helium, and alkali-metal atoms, Phys. Rev. A, Volume 23 (1981), pp. 2397-2424

[46] F. Pereira Dos Santos; H. Marion; S. Bize; A. Clairon; C. Salomon Controlling the cold collision shift in high precision atomic interferometry, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 89 (2002), p. 233004

[47] G. Wilpers, Ein Optisches Frequenznormal mit kalten und ultrakalten Atomen, PTB-Bericht PTB-Opt–66 (ISBN 3-89701-892-6), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Dissertation, University of Hannover, 2002

[48] K.R. Vogel; S.A. Diddams; C.W. Oates; E.A. Curtis; R.J. Rafac; W.M. Itano; J.C. Bergquist; R.W. Fox; W.D. Lee; J.S. Wells; L. Hollberg Direct comparison between two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards by using a femtosecond-laser comb, Opt. Lett., Volume 26 (2001), pp. 102-104

[49] H. Schnatz; B. Lipphardt; J. Helmcke; F. Riehle; G. Zinner First phase-coherent frequency measurement of visible radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 76 (1996), pp. 18-21

[50] W.D. Lee; J.H. Shirley; J.P. Lowe; R.E. Drullinger The accuracy evaluation of NIST-7, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Volume IM 44 (1995), pp. 120-123

[51] E. Peik; B. Lipphardt; H. Schnatz; T. Schneider; C. Tamm; S.G. Karshenboim New limit on the present temporal variation of the fine structure constant, 2004 (in press) | arXiv

Cité par Sources :

Commentaires - Politique