Comptes Rendus
no. 4-5
Formation, properties and climatic effects of contrails
[Formation, propriétés et conséquences climatiques des traînées de condensation]
Ulrich Schumann1
1 Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Wessling, Germany
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 6 (2005) no. 4-5, pp. 549-565.

Les traînées de condensation sont des nuages de type cirrus génères par les avions qui peuvent persister et croître jusqu'à produire une couverture nuageuse importante si l'air est sursaturé en glace, et peuvent également conduire à un réchauffement de l'atmosphère. Cet article décrit les conditions d'apparition, la formation, les propriétés et les conséquences climatiques des traînées de condensation. La couverture nuageuse globale et l'impact radiatif des traînées rectilignes sont plus faibles que ce qui avait été évalué dans un rapport international en 1999. Les traînées de condensation déclenchent des cirrus qui ont une couverture beaucoup plus grande que celle observée pour les traînées rectilignes avec cependant des propriétés radiatives encore inconnues. Des simulations basées sur plusieurs modèles montrent l'existence d'un impact des particules et des précurseurs de particules émis par les moteurs d'avions sur les propriétés des cirrus générés par les traînées. Cependant, l'importance de cet impact ne peut pas encore être évaluée. La formation des traînées ne peut être évitée qu'en présence d'une atmosphère suffisamment chaude et humide. La formation des cirrus générés par les traînées peut être réduite uniquement en évitant de voler dans les régions de l'atmosphère sursaturées en glace, c'est-à-dire en augmentant l'altitude de vol jusqu'à atteindre les basses couches de la stratosphère.

Condensation trails (contrails) are aircraft induced cirrus clouds, which may persist and grow to large cirrus cover in ice-supersaturated air, and may cause a warming of the atmosphere. This paper describes the formation, occurrence, properties and climatic effects of contrails. The global cover by lined-shaped contrails and the radiative impact of line-shaped contrails is smaller than that assessed in an international assessment in 1999. Contrails trigger contrail cirrus with far larger coverage than observed for line-shaped contrails, but still unknown radiative properties. Some model simulations indicate an impact of particles and particle precursors emitted from aircraft engines on cirrus clouds properties. However, the magnitude of this effect cannot yet be assessed. Contrail formation can be avoided only by flying in sufficiently warm and dry air. The formation of contrail cirrus can be reduced by avoiding flights in ice-supersaturated regions of the atmosphere, e.g., by raising the flight level into the lower-most stratosphere.

Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2005.05.002
Keywords: Emissions, Contrails, Aircraft, Cirrus, Particles, Climate, Mitigation
Mot clés : Émissions, Traînées de condensation, Cirrus, Particules, Climat, Réduction
Ulrich Schumann 1

1 Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Wessling, Germany 
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Ulrich Schumann. Formation, properties and climatic effects of contrails. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 6 (2005) no. 4-5, pp. 549-565. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2005.05.002. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2005.05.002/

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