X radiation sources based on accelerators

Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie; Jean-Marc Filhol

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2008.04.001

X radiation sources based on accelerators
[Sources de rayonnement X reposant sur l'emploi d'accélérateurs]

Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie ¹ ; Jean-Marc Filhol ¹

¹ Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 9 (2008) no. 5-6, pp. 487-506.

Résumé
Abstract

Les sources de lumière reposant sur l'emploi d'un accélérateur permettent de produire un rayonnement cohérent de très haute brillance, accordable en longueur d'onde depuis l'infrarouge jusqu'aux rayons X, avec des impulsions picoseconde ou femtoseconde (fs).

Les premières sources de rayonnement synchrotron se sont installées autour d'anneaux de stockage dans lesquels un grand nombre d'électrons d'énergie relativiste produisent du « rayonnement synchrotron » lorsque leur trajectoire est soumise à l'action d'un champ magnétique, soit dans les aimants de courbure, soit dans des éléments magnétiques spécifiques (onduleurs) constitués d'une succession d'aimants alternés, permettant de multiplier le nombre de courbures de trajectoire pour renforcer le rayonnement.

Ces anneaux « synchrotron » sont couramment utilisés de par le monde (il en existe plus d'une trentaine), car ils distribuent leur rayonnement simultanément à plusieurs dizaines d'utilisateurs répartis autour de l'anneau.

Les installations les plus performantes en terme de brillance sont les sources de rayonnement synchrotron dites de troisième génération. Le rayonnement produit présente des durées d'impulsion de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de ps, à haute cadence (de l'ordre du MHz), est accordable sur une large gamme, dépendant du champ magnétique et de l'énergie du faisceau d'électrons, et sa polarisation est ajustable (dans le domaine VUV-X mous). En général, une sélection spectrale très fine est effectuée par les utilisateurs à l'aide d'un monochromateur.

Les accélérateurs linéaires à simple passage offrent la possibilité de produire des paquets d'électrons de durée très courte ( $\sim 100 femtoseconde$ ). Le faisceau de très haute densité électronique est envoyé dans une succession de modules d'onduleurs, permettant de renforcer la cohérence longitudinale du rayonnement produit selon un schéma de laser à électrons libres par interaction entre le paquet d'électron et une onde lumineuse. Les brillances crêtes très élevées justifient leur appellation de sources de quatrième génération. Le nombre d'utilisateurs est plus restreint, car une impulsion d'électrons produit une bouffée de rayonnement en direction d'une seule ligne de lumière. Les accélérateurs linéaires à recirculation permettent de faire passer le faisceau plusieurs fois dans les structures accélératrices soit pour en récupérer l'énergie (ERL : Energy Recovery Linac) soit pour l'accélérer sur plusieurs tours, et fournir ainsi des faisceaux subpicoseconde à un plus grand nombre d'utilisateurs.

Un état de l'art des sources X employant des accélérateurs conventionnels est donné, en soulignant les performances atteintes ou visées, et les enjeux essentiels.

Light sources based on accelerators aim at producing very high brilliance coherent radiation, tuneable from the infrared to X-ray range, with picosecond or femtosecond light pulses.

The first synchrotron light sources were built around storage rings in which a large number of relativistic electrons produce “synchrotron radiation” when their trajectory is subjected to a magnetic field, either in bending magnets or in specific insertion devices (undulators), made of an alternating series of magnets, allowing the number of curvatures to be increased and the radiation to be reinforced.

These “synchrotron radiation” storage rings are now used worldwide (there are more than thirty), and they simultaneously distribute their radiation to several tens of users around the storage ring.

The most effective installations in term of brilliance are the so-called 3rd generation synchrotron radiation light sources. The radiation produced presents pulse durations of the order of a few tens of ps, at a high rate (of the order of MHz); it is tuneable over a large range, depending on the magnetic field and the electron beam energy and its polarisation is adjustable (in the VUV-soft-X range). Generally, a very precise spectral selection is made by the users with a monochromator.

The single pass linear accelerators can produce very short electron bunches ( $\sim 100 femtosecond$ ). The beam of very high electronic density is sent into successive undulator modules, reinforcing the radiation's longitudinal coherence, produced according to a Free Electron Laser (FEL) scheme by the interaction between the electron bunch and a light wave. The very high peak brilliance justifies their designation as 4th generation sources. The number of users is smaller because an electron pulse produces a radiation burst towards only one beamline. Energy Recovery Linacs (ERL) let the beam pass several times in the accelerator structures either to recover the energy or to accelerate the electrons during several turns, and thus provide subpicosecond beams for a greater number of users.

A state-of-the-art of X sources using conventional (and not laser plasma based) accelerators is given here, underlying the performance already reached or forecast and the essential challenges.

Publié le : 2008-05-22

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2008.04.001

Keywords: Synchrotron radiation, Linear accelerator, LINAC, Storage ring, Free electron laser
Mot clés : Rayonnement synchrotron, Accélérateur linéaire, LINAC, Anneau de stockage, Laser à électrons libres

Affiliations des auteurs :

Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie ¹ ; Jean-Marc Filhol ¹

¹ Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

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Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie; Jean-Marc Filhol. X radiation sources based on accelerators. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 9 (2008) no. 5-6, pp. 487-506. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2008.04.001. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2008.04.001/

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