Comptes Rendus
no. 2-3
Electron microscopy / Microscopie électronique
Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics
[Voir et mesurer en couleur : microscopie et spectroscopies électroniques pour la nano-optique]
Mathieu Kociak1  ; Odile Stéphan1  ; Alexandre Gloter1  ; Luiz F. Zagonel1  ; Luiz H.G. Tizei1  ; Marcel Tencé1  ; Katia March1  ; Jean Denis Blazit1  ; Zackaria Mahfoud1  ; Arthur Losquin1  ; Sophie Meuret1  ; Christian Colliex1
1 Laboratoire de physique des solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 15 (2014) no. 2-3, pp. 158-175.

Au cours des dix années écoulées, les microscopes électroniques à transmission en balayage (STEM) equipés pour la spectroscopie de perte d'énergie d'électrons (EELS) et/ou la cathodoluminescence (CL) ont démontré leur capacité fondamentale pour une étude fine des propriétés optiques de nano-objets à l'échelle sub-longueur d'onde. Comme ils permettent de les mesurer au niveau du nanomètre en même temps que leur structure et morphologie au niveau atomique, de nouveaux champs d'étude aussi bien expérimentaux que théoriques ont ainsi pu être explorés. En ce qui concerne la réponse optique de nanoparticules métalliques, les plasmons de surface ont été cartographiés à une échelle qui aurait été inimaginable il y a encore quelques années, tandis que la relation entre les niveaux d'énergie et la taille de nanostructures semiconductrices épaisses de quelques couches atomiques a pu être directement établie. Cet article a pour but de présenter une revue rapide de quelques-uns des résultats récents les plus spectaculaires dans ce domaine.

Over the past ten years, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes (STEM) fitted with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and/or Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy have demonstrated to be essential tools for probing the optical properties of nano-objects at sub-wavelength scales. Thanks to the possibility of measuring them at a nanometer scale in parallel to the determination of the structure and morphology of the object of interest, new challenging experimental and theoretical horizons have been unveiled. As regards optical properties of metallic nanoparticles, surface plasmons have been mapped at a scale unimaginable only a few years ago, while the relationship between the energy levels and the size of semiconducting nanostructures a few atomic layers thick could directly be measured. This paper reviews some of these highly stimulating recent developments.

Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003
Keywords: Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, Cathodoluminescence, Surface plasmons, Excitons, Nano-optics
Mot clés : Microscopie électronique à transmission en balayage, Spectroscopie de perte d'énergie d'électrons, Cathodoluminescence, Plasmons de surface, Excitons, Nano-optique
Mathieu Kociak 1 ; Odile Stéphan 1 ; Alexandre Gloter 1 ; Luiz F. Zagonel 1 ; Luiz H.G. Tizei 1 ; Marcel Tencé 1 ; Katia March 1 ; Jean Denis Blazit 1 ; Zackaria Mahfoud 1 ; Arthur Losquin 1 ; Sophie Meuret 1 ; Christian Colliex 1

1 Laboratoire de physique des solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 
@article{CRPHYS_2014__15_2-3_158_0,
     author = {Mathieu Kociak and Odile St\'ephan and Alexandre Gloter and Luiz F. Zagonel and Luiz H.G. Tizei and Marcel Tenc\'e and Katia March and Jean Denis Blazit and Zackaria Mahfoud and Arthur Losquin and Sophie Meuret and Christian Colliex},
     title = {Seeing and measuring in colours: {Electron} microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     pages = {158--175},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {15},
     number = {2-3},
     year = {2014},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003},
     language = {en},
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mathieu Kociak
AU  - Odile Stéphan
AU  - Alexandre Gloter
AU  - Luiz F. Zagonel
AU  - Luiz H.G. Tizei
AU  - Marcel Tencé
AU  - Katia March
AU  - Jean Denis Blazit
AU  - Zackaria Mahfoud
AU  - Arthur Losquin
AU  - Sophie Meuret
AU  - Christian Colliex
TI  - Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Physique
PY  - 2014
SP  - 158
EP  - 175
VL  - 15
IS  - 2-3
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003
LA  - en
ID  - CRPHYS_2014__15_2-3_158_0
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A Mathieu Kociak
%A Odile Stéphan
%A Alexandre Gloter
%A Luiz F. Zagonel
%A Luiz H.G. Tizei
%A Marcel Tencé
%A Katia March
%A Jean Denis Blazit
%A Zackaria Mahfoud
%A Arthur Losquin
%A Sophie Meuret
%A Christian Colliex
%T Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics
%J Comptes Rendus. Physique
%D 2014
%P 158-175
%V 15
%N 2-3
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003
%G en
%F CRPHYS_2014__15_2-3_158_0
Mathieu Kociak; Odile Stéphan; Alexandre Gloter; Luiz F. Zagonel; Luiz H.G. Tizei; Marcel Tencé; Katia March; Jean Denis Blazit; Zackaria Mahfoud; Arthur Losquin; Sophie Meuret; Christian Colliex. Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 15 (2014) no. 2-3, pp. 158-175. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003/

[1] E. Rittweger; K.Y. Han; S.E. Irvine; C. Eggeling; S.W. Hell Sted microscopy reveals crystal colour centres with nanometric resolution, Nat. Photonics, Volume 3 ( March 2009 ) no. 3, pp. 144-147

[2] L. Douillard; F. Charra; Z. Korczak; R. Bachelot; S. Kostcheev; G. Lerondel; P.M. Adam; P. Royer Short range plasmon resonators probed by photoemission electron microscopy, Nano Lett., Volume 8 ( March 2008 ) no. 3, pp. 935-940

[3] F.J.G. de Abajo Optical excitations in electron microscopy, Rev. Modern Phys., Volume 82 (2010), pp. 209-275

[4] M. Bosman; V.J. Keast; J.L. Garcia-Munoz; A.J. D'alfonso; S.D. Findlay; L.J. Allen Two-dimensional mapping of chemical information at atomic resolution, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 99 ( August 2007 ) no. 8, p. 086102

[5] Almudena Torres-Pardo; Alexandre Gloter; Pavlo Zubko; Noémie Jecklin; Céline Lichtensteiger; Christian Colliex; Jean-Marc Triscone; Odile Stéphan Spectroscopic mapping of local structural distortions in ferroelectric PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices at the unit-cell scale, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 84 ( Dec 2011 ), p. 220102

[6] A. Gloter; A. Douiri; M. Tence; C. Colliex Improving energy resolution of EELS spectra: an alternative to the monochromator solution, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 96 (2003) no. 3–4, pp. 385-400

[7] J. Nelayah; M. Kociak; O. Stéphan; F.J.G. de Abajo; M. Tencé; L. Henrard; D. Taverna; I. Pastoriza-Santos; L.M. Liz-Marzán; C. Colliex Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle, Nat. Phys., Volume 3 ( May 2007 ) no. 5, pp. 348-353

[8] M. N'Gom; J. Ringnalda; J.F. Mansfield; A. Agarwal; N. Kotov; N.J. Zaluzec; T.B. Norris Single particle plasmon spectroscopy of silver nanowires and gold nanorods, Nano Lett., Volume 8 ( October 2008 ) no. 10, pp. 3200-3204

[9] D. Rossouw; G.A. Botton Plasmonic response of bent silver nanowires for nanophotonic subwavelength waveguiding, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 110 ( February 2013 ) no. 6, p. 066801

[10] M. Merano; S. Sonderegger; A. Crottini; S. Collin; P. Renucci; E. Pelucchi; A. Malko; M.H. Baier; E. Kapon; B. Deveaud; J.D. Ganiere Probing carrier dynamics in nanostructures by picosecond cathodoluminescence, Nature, Volume 438 ( November 2005 ) no. 7067, pp. 479-482

[11] E.J.R. Vesseur; F.J.G. de Abajo; A. Polman Modal decomposition of surface-plasmon whispering gallery resonators, Nano Lett., Volume 9 ( September 2009 ) no. 9, pp. 3147-3150

[12] B. Willems; A. Tallaire; J. Barjon Exploring the origin and nature of luminescent regions in CVD synthetic diamond, Gems Gemol., Volume 47 (2011) no. 3, pp. 202-207

[13] H.P. Strunk; M. Albrecht; H. Scheel Cathodoluminescence in transmission electron microscopy, J. Microsc., Volume 224 ( October 2006 ), pp. 79-85

[14] S.K. Lim; M. Brewster; F. Qian; Y. Li; C.M. Lieber; S. Gradecak Direct correlation between structural and optical properties of III–V nitride nanowire heterostructures with nanoscale resolution, Nano Lett., Volume 9 ( November 2009 ) no. 11, pp. 3940-3944

[15] L.F. Zagonel; S. Mazzucco; M. Tence; K. March; R. Bernard; B. Laslier; G. Jacopin; M. Tchernycheva; L. Rigutti; F.H. Julien; R. Songmuang; M. Kociak Nanometer scale spectral imaging of quantum emitters in nanowires and its correlation to their atomically resolved structure, Nano Lett., Volume 11 ( February 2011 ) no. 2, pp. 568-573

[16] C. Jeanguillaume; C. Colliex Spectrum-image: The next step in EELS digital acquisition and processing, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 28 ( April 1989 ) no. 1–4, pp. 252-257

[17] C. Colliex; M. Tencé; E. Lefèvre; C. Mory; H. Gu; D. Bouchetand; C. Jeanguillaume Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy mapping, Mikrochim. Acta, Volume 71 (1994), pp. 114-115

[18] M. Kociak; O. Stéphan Walls M; C. Colliex, Springer (2011), p. 163 (Chapter 4)

[19] J. Nelayah; J. Gu; W. Sigle; C.T. Koch; I. Pastoriza-Santos; L.M. Liz-Marzan; P.A. van Aken Direct imaging of surface plasmon resonances on single triangular silver nanoprisms at optical wavelength using low-loss eftem imaging, Opt. Lett., Volume 34 ( April 2009 ) no. 7, pp. 1003-1005

[20] B. Schaffer; W. Grogger; G. Kothleitner; F. Hofer Comparison of eftem and stem eels plasmon imaging of gold nanoparticles in a monochromated tem, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 110 ( July 2010 ) no. 8, pp. 1087-1093

[21] L. Gu; W. Sigle; C.T. Koch; B. Ogut; P.A. van Aken; N. Talebi; R. Vogelgesang; J.L. Mu; X.G. Wen; J. Mao Resonant wedge-plasmon modes in single-crystalline gold nanoplatelets, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 83 ( May 2011 ) no. 19, p. 195433

[22] B. Schaffer; G. Kothleitner; W. Grogger Eftem spectrum imaging at high-energy resolution, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 106 ( October 2006 ) no. 11–12, pp. 1129-1138

[23] L.H.G. Tizei; M. Kociak Spatially resolved quantum nano-optics of single photons using an electron microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 110 ( April 2013 ) no. 15, p. 153604

[24] R.H. Ritchie Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films, Phys. Rev., Volume 106 ( Jun 1957 ), pp. 874-881

[25] A.A. Lucas; E. Kartheuser Energy-loss spectrum of fast electrons in a dielectric slab. I. Nonretarded losses and Cherenkov bulk loss, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 1 ( May 1970 ), pp. 3588-3598

[26] T.L. Ferrell; P.M. Echenique Generation of surface excitations on dielectric spheres by an external electron beam, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 55 (1985), pp. 1526-1529

[27] N. Zabala; A. Rivacoba; P.M. Echenique Energy loss of electrons travelling through cylindrical holes, Surf. Sci., Volume 209 (1989), pp. 465-480

[28] D. Taverna; M. Kociak; V. Charbois; L. Henrard Electron energy-loss spectrum of an electron passing near a locally anisotropic nanotube, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 66 ( December 2002 ) no. 23, p. 235419

[29] F.J. Garcia de Abajo Relativistic energy loss induced photon emission in the interaction of a dielectric sphere with an external electron beam, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 59 (1999), pp. 3095-3107

[30] N. Yamamoto; K. Araya; F.J.G. de Abajo Photon emission from silver particles induced by a high-energy electron beam, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 6420 ( November 2001 ) no. 20, p. 205419

[31] G. Boudarham; N. Feth; V. Myroshnychenko; S. Linden; F.J.G. de Abajo; M. Wegener; M. Kociak Spectral imaging of individual split-ring resonators, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 105 ( Dec 2010 ) no. 25, p. 255501

[32] A.L. Koh; A.I. Fernandez-Dominguez; D.W. McComb; S.A. Maier; J.K.W. Yang High-resolution mapping of electron-beam-excited plasmon modes in lithographically defined gold nanostructures, Nano Lett., Volume 11 ( March 2011 ) no. 3, pp. 1323-1330

[33] Craig F. Bohren; Donald R. Huffman Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2007

[34] F.J.G. de Abajo; M. Kociak Probing the photonic local density of states with electron energy loss spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 100 ( March 2008 ) no. 10, p. 106804

[35] F.J.G. de Abajo; A.G. Pattantyus-Abraham; N. Zabala; A. Rivacoba; M.O. Wolf; P.M. Echenique Cherenkov effect as a probe of photonic nanostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 91 ( October 2003 ) no. 14, p. 143902

[36] K. Joulain; R. Carminati; J.P. Mulet; J.J. Greffet Definition and measurement of the local density of electromagnetic states close to an interface, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 68 ( December 2003 ) no. 24, p. 245405

[37] S.G. Lemay; J.W. Janssen; M. van den Hout; M. Mooij; M.J. Bronikowski; P.A. Willis; R.E. Smalley; L.P. Kouwenhoven; C. Dekker Two-dimensional imaging of electronic wavefunctions in carbon nanotubes, Nature, Volume 412 ( August 2001 ) no. 6847, pp. 617-620

[38] U. Hohenester; H. Ditlbacher; J.R. Krenn Electron-energy-loss spectra of plasmonic nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 103 ( September 2009 ) no. 10, p. 106801

[39] A. Dereux; C. Girard; J.C. Weeber Theoretical principles of near-field optical microscopies and spectroscopies, J. Chem. Phys., Volume 112 ( May 2000 ) no. 18, pp. 7775-7789

[40] G. Boudarham; M. Kociak Modal decompositions of the local electromagnetic density of states and spatially resolved electron energy loss probability in terms of geometric modes, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 85 ( Jun 2012 ), p. 245447

[41] F. Ouyang; M. Isaacson Accurate modeling of particle substrate coupling of surface-plasmon excitation in eels, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 31 ( December 1989 ) no. 4, pp. 345-350

[42] F.J. García de Abajo; J. Aizpurua Numerical simulation of electron energy loss near inhomogeneous dielectrics, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 56 ( Dec 1997 ) no. 24, pp. 15873-15884

[43] A. Hörl; A. Trügler; U. Hohenester Tomography of particle plasmon fields from electron energy loss spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 111 ( Aug 2013 ), p. 076801

[44] O. Nicoletti; F. de la Pena; R.K. Leary; D.J. Holland; C. Ducati; P.A. Midgley Three-dimensional imaging of localized surface plasmon resonances of metal nanoparticles, Nature, Volume 502 ( October 2013 ) no. 7469, pp. 80-84

[45] J. Nelayah; M. Kociak; O. Stephan; N. Geuquet; L. Henrard; F.J.G. de Abajo; I. Pastoriza-Santos; L.M. Liz-Marzan; C. Colliex Two-dimensional quasistatic stationary short range surface plasmons in flat nanoprisms, Nano Lett., Volume 10 ( March 2010 ) no. 3, pp. 902-907

[46] D. Rossouw; M. Couillard; J. Vickery; E. Kumacheva; G.A. Botton Multipolar plasmonic resonances in silver nanowire antennas imaged with a subnanometer electron probe, Nano Lett., Volume 11 ( April 2011 ) no. 4, pp. 1499-1504

[47] V. Iberi; N. Mirsaleh-Kohan; J.P. Camden Understanding plasmonic properties in metallic nanostructures by correlating photonic and electronic excitations, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., Volume 4 ( April 2013 ) no. 7, pp. 1070-1078

[48] F.J.G. de Abajo; A. Howie Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 65 ( March 2002 ) no. 11, p. 115418

[49] U. Hohenester; A. Trugler MNPBEM – a matlab toolbox for the simulation of plasmonic nanoparticles, Comput. Phys. Commun., Volume 183 ( February 2012 ) no. 2, pp. 370-381

[50] N. Geuquet; L. Henrard EELS and optical response of a noble metal nanoparticle in the frame of a discrete dipole approximation, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 110 ( July 2010 ) no. 8, pp. 1075-1080

[51] R. Fuchs Theory of the optical properties of ionic crystal cubes, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 11 ( Feb 1975 ), pp. 1732-1740

[52] P. Das; T.K. Chini; J. Pond Probing higher order surface plasmon modes on individual truncated tetrahedral gold nanoparticle using cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy combined with fdtd simulations, J. Phys. Chem. C, Volume 116 ( July 2012 ) no. 29, pp. 15610-15619

[53] N. Yamamoto; M. Nakano; T. Suzuki Light emission by surface plasmons on nanostructures of metal surfaces induced by high-energy electron beams, Surf. Interface Anal., Volume 38 ( December 2006 ) no. 12–13, pp. 1725-1730

[54] E.J.R. Vesseur; R. de Waele; M. Kuttge; A. Polman Direct observation of plasmonic modes in au nanowires using high-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, Nano Lett., Volume 7 ( September 2007 ) no. 9, pp. 2843-2846

[55] R. Gomez-Medina; N. Yamamoto; M. Nakano; F.J.G. Abajo Mapping plasmons in nanoantennas via cathodoluminescence, New J. Phys., Volume 10 ( October 2008 ), p. 105009

[56] T. Coenen; E.J.R. Vesseur; A. Polman Deep subwavelength spatial characterization of angular emission from single-crystal au plasmonic ridge nanoantennas, ACS Nano, Volume 6 ( February 2012 ) no. 2, pp. 1742-1750

[57] M.V. Bashevoy; F. Jonsson; K.F. MacDonald; Y. Chen; N.I. Zheludev Hyperspectral imaging of plasmonic nanostructures with nanoscale resolution, Opt. Express, Volume 15 ( September 2007 ) no. 18, pp. 11313-11320

[58] M. Kuttge; E.J.R. Vesseur; A. Polman Fabry–Perot resonators for surface plasmon polaritons probed by cathodoluminescence, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 94 ( May 2009 ) no. 18, p. 183104

[59] T. Suzuki; N. Yamamoto Cathodoluminescent spectroscopic imaging of surface plasmon polaritons in a 1-dimensional plasmonic crystal, Opt. Express, Volume 17 ( December 2009 ) no. 26, pp. 23664-23671

[60] K. Takeuchi; N. Yamamoto Visualization of surface plasmon polariton waves in two-dimensional plasmonic crystal by cathodoluminescence, Opt. Express, Volume 19 ( June 2011 ) no. 13, pp. 12365-12374

[61] T. Coenen; E.J.R. Vesseur; A. Polman; A.F. Koenderink Directional emission from plasmonic yagi-uda antennas probed by angle-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, Nano Lett., Volume 11 ( September 2011 ) no. 9, pp. 3779-3784

[62] V. Myroshnychenko; J. Nelayah; G. Adamo; N. Geuquet; J. Rodriguez-Fernandez; I. Pastoriza-Santos; K.F. MacDonald; L. Henrard; L.M. Liz-Marzan; N.I. Zheludev; M. Kociak; F.J.G. de Abajo Plasmon spectroscopy and imaging of individual gold nanodecahedra: A combined optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy study, Nano Lett., Volume 12 ( August 2012 ) no. 8, pp. 4172-4180

[63] P. Das; T.K. Chini Spectroscopy and imaging of plasmonic modes over a single decahedron gold nanoparticle: A combined experimental and numerical study, J. Phys. Chem. C, Volume 116 ( December 2012 ) no. 49, pp. 25969-25976

[64] M. N'Gom; S.Z. Li; G. Schatz; R. Erni; A. Agarwal; N. Kotov; T.B. Norris Electron-beam mapping of plasmon resonances in electromagnetically interacting gold nanorods, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 80 ( September 2009 ) no. 11, p. 113411

[65] F. von Cube; S. Irsen; S. Linden From isolated metaatoms to photonic metamaterials: Mapping of collective near-field phenomena with eels, 2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2012

[66] F. von Cube; S. Irsen; R. Diehl; J. Niegemann; K. Busch; S. Linden From isolated metaatoms to photonic metamaterials: Evolution of the plasmonic near-field, Nano Lett., Volume 13 ( February 2013 ) no. 2, pp. 703-708

[67] O. Nicoletti; M. Wubs; N.A. Mortensen; W. Sigle; P.A. van Aken; P.A. Midgley Surface plasmon modes of a single silver nanorod: an electron energy loss study, Opt. Express, Volume 19 ( August 2011 ) no. 16, pp. 15371-15379

[68] F.P. Schmidt; H. Ditlbacher; U. Hohenester; A. Hohenau; F. Hofer; J.R. Krenn Dark plasmonic breathing modes in silver nanodisks, Nano Lett., Volume 12 ( November 2012 ) no. 11, pp. 5780-5783

[69] S. Mazzucco; N. Geuquet; J. Ye; O. Stephan; W. Van Roy; P. Van Dorpe; L. Henrard; M. Kociak Ultralocal modification of surface plasmons properties in silver nanocubes, Nano Lett., Volume 12 ( Mar 2012 ) no. 3, pp. 1288-1294

[70] S. Mazzucco; O. Stephan; C. Colliex; I. Pastoriza-Santos; L.M. Liz-Marzan; J.G. de Abajo; M. Kociak Spatially resolved measurements of plasmonic eigenstates in complex-shaped, asymmetric nanoparticles: gold nanostars, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., Volume 54 ( June 2011 ) no. 3, p. 33512

[71] M. Bosman; E. Ye; S.F. Tan; C.A. Nijhuis; J.K.W. Yang; R. Marty; A. Mlayah; A. Arbouet; C. Girard; M.Y. Han Surface plasmon damping quantified with an electron nanoprobe, Sci. Rep., Volume 3 ( February 2013 ), p. 1312

[72] Hongyan Liang; David Rossouw; Haiguang Zhao; Scott K. Cushing; Honglong Shi; Andreas Korinek; Hongxing Xu; Federico Rosei; Wenzhong Wang; Nianqiang Wu; Gianluigi A. Botton; Dongling Ma Asymmetric silver nanocarrot structures: Solution synthesis and their asymmetric plasmonic resonances, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 135 (2013) no. 26, pp. 9616-9619

[73] M. Bosman; V.J. Keast; M. Watanabe; A.I. Maaroof; M.B. Cortie Mapping surface plasmons at the nanometre scale with an electron beam, Nanotechnology, Volume 18 ( April 2007 ) no. 16, p. 165505

[74] M.-W. Chu; V. Myroshnychenko; C.-H. Chen; J.-P. Deng; C.-Y. Mou; F.J.G. de Abajo Probing bright and dark surface-plasmon modes in individual and coupled noble metal nanoparticles using an electron beam, Nano Lett., Volume 9 (2009) no. 1, pp. 399-404

[75] I. Alber; W. Sigle; S. Muller; R. Neumann; O. Picht; M. Rauber; P.A. van Aken; M.E. Toimil-Molares Visualization of multipolar longitudinal and transversal surface plasmon modes in nanowire dimers, ACS Nano, Volume 5 ( December 2011 ) no. 12, pp. 9845-9853

[76] J.A. Scholl; A. Garcia-Etxarri; A.L. Koh; J.A. Dionne Observation of quantum tunneling between two plasmonic nanoparticles, Nano Lett., Volume 13 ( February 2013 ) no. 2, pp. 564-569

[77] N. Talebi; W. Sigle; R. Vogelgesang; C.T. Koch; C. Fernandez-Lopez; L.M. Liz-Marzan; B. Ogut; M. Rohm; P.A. van Aken Breaking the mode degeneracy of surface plasmon resonances in a triangular system, Langmuir, Volume 28 ( June 2012 ) no. 24, pp. 8867-8873

[78] H.G. Duan; A.I. Fernandez-Dominguez; M. Bosman; S.A. Maier; J.K.W. Yang Nanoplasmonics: Classical down to the nanometer scale, Nano Lett., Volume 12 ( March 2012 ) no. 3, pp. 1683-1689

[79] B. Ogut; N. Talebi; R. Vogelgesang; W. Sigle; P.A. van Aken Toroidal plasmonic eigenmodes in oligomer nanocavities for the visible, Nano Lett., Volume 12 ( October 2012 ) no. 10, pp. 5239-5244

[80] M. Bosman; G.R. Anstis; V.J. Keast; J.D. Clarke; M.B. Cortie Light splitting in nanoporous gold and silver, ACS Nano, Volume 6 ( January 2012 ) no. 1, pp. 319-326

[81] A. Losquin; S. Camelio; D. Rossouw; M. Besbes; F. Pailloux; D. Babonneau; G.A. Botton; J.-J. Greffet; O. Stéphan; M. Kociak Experimental evidence of nanometer-scale confinement of plasmonic eigenmodes responsible for hot spots in random metallic films, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 88 ( Sep 2013 ), p. 115427

[82] B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez; F. Attouchi; M.F. Cardinal; V. Myroshnychenko; O. Stephan; F.J.G. de Abajo; L.M. Liz-Marzan; M. Kociak Surface plasmon mapping of dumbbell-shaped gold nanorods: The effect of silver coating, Langmuir, Volume 28 ( June 2012 ) no. 24, pp. 9063-9070

[83] H. Ditlbacher; A. Hohenau; D. Wagner; U. Kreibig; M. Rogers; F. Hofer; F.R. Aussenegg; J.R. Krenn Silver nanowires as surface plasmon resonators, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 95 ( December 2005 ) no. 25, p. 257403

[84] J. Dorfmüller; R. Vogelgesang; R.T. Weitz; C. Rockstuhl; C. Etrich; T. Pertsch; F. Lederer; K. Kern Fabry–Perot resonances in one-dimensional plasmonic nanostructures, Nano Lett., Volume 9 (2009) no. 6, pp. 2372-2377

[85] R. Esteban; R. Vogelgesang; J. Dorfmuller; A. Dmitriev; C. Rockstuhl; C. Etrich; K. Kern Direct near-field optical imaging of higher order plasmonic resonances, Nano Lett., Volume 8 ( October 2008 ) no. 10, pp. 3155-3159

[86] Kohei Imura; Hiromi Okamoto Development of novel near-field microspectroscopy and imaging of local excitations and wave functions of nanomaterials, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., Volume 81 (2008), pp. 659-675

[87] L. Novotny; N. van Hulst Antennas for light, Nat. Photonics, Volume 5 ( February 2011 ) no. 2, pp. 83-90

[88] F. von Cube; S. Irsen; J. Niegemann; C. Matyssek; W. Hergert; K. Busch; S. Linden Spatio-spectral characterization of photonic meta-atoms with electron energy-loss spectroscopy [invited], Opt. Mater. Express, Volume 1 ( September 2011 ) no. 5, pp. 1009-1018

[89] E.J.R. Vesseur; A. Polman Controlled spontaneous emission in plasmonic whispering gallery antennas, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 99 ( December 2011 ) no. 23, p. 231112

[90] P. Chaturvedi; K.H. Hsu; A. Kumar; K.H. Fung; J.C. Mabon; N.X. Fang Imaging of plasmonic modes of silver nanoparticles using high-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, ACS Nano, Volume 3 ( October 2009 ) no. 10, pp. 2965-2974

[91] L. Gu; W. Sigle; C.T. Koch; J. Nelayah; V. Srot; P.A. van Aken Mapping of valence energy losses via energy-filtered annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy, Volume 109 ( August 2009 ) no. 9, pp. 1164-1170

[92] I.R. Khan; D. Cunningham; S. Lazar; D. Graham; W.E. Smith; D.W. McComb A tem and electron energy loss spectroscopy (eels) investigation of active and inactive silver particles for surface enhanced resonance raman spectroscopy (serrs), Faraday Discuss., Volume 132 (2006), pp. 171-178

[93] L. Rodriguez-Lorenzo; R.A. Alvarez-Puebla; I. Pastoriza-Santos; S. Mazzucco; O. Stephan; M. Kociak; L.M. Liz-Marzan; F.J.G. de Abajo Zeptomol detection through controlled ultrasensitive surface-enhanced raman scattering, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 131 ( April 2009 ) no. 13, p. 4616

[94] P.E. Batson Surface plasmon coupling in clusters of small spheres, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 49 (1982), pp. 936-940

[95] N. Zabala; A. Rivacoba; P.M. Echenique Coupling effects in the excitations by an external electron beam near close particles, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 56 ( September 1997 ) no. 12, pp. 7623-7635

[96] B. Ogut; R. Vogelgesang; W. Sigle; N. Talebi; C.T. Koch; P.A. van Aken Hybridized metal slit eigenmodes as an illustration of babinet's principle, ACS Nano, Volume 5 ( August 2011 ) no. 8, pp. 6701-6706

[97] A. Rivacoba; P. Apell; N. Zabala Energy-loss probability of stem electrons in cylindrical surfaces, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, Volume 96 ( May 1995 ) no. 3–4, pp. 465-469

[98] E. Ringe; J.M. McMahon; J.M. McMahon; K. Sohn; C. Cobley; Y. Xia; J. Huang; G. Schatz; L.D. Marks; R.P. VanDuyne Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: A systematic single-particle approach, J. Phys. Chem. C, Volume 114 (2010), p. 12511

[99] S.P. Zhang; K. Bao; N.J. Halas; H.X. Xu; P. Nordlander Substrate-induced fano resonances of a plasmonic: Nanocube: A route to increased-sensitivity localized surface plasmon resonance sensors revealed, Nano Lett., Volume 11 ( April 2011 ) no. 4, pp. 1657-1663

[100] H. Morkoc; S. Strite; G.B. Gao; M.E. Lin; B. Sverdlov; M. Burns Large-band-gap SiC, III–V nitride, and II–VI ZnSe-based semiconductor-device technologies, J. Appl. Phys., Volume 76 ( August 1994 ) no. 3, pp. 1363-1398

[101] S.J. Xu; S.J. Chua; T. Mei; X.C. Wang; X.H. Zhang; G. Karunasiri; W.J. Fan; C.H. Wang; J. Jiang; S. Wang; X.G. Xie Characteristics of ingaas quantum dot infrared photodetectors, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 73 ( November 1998 ) no. 21, pp. 3153-3155

[102] O. Jani; I. Ferguson; C. Honsberg; S. Kurtz Design and characterization of gan/ingan solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 91 ( September 2007 ) no. 13, p. 132117

[103] N. Gisin; G.G. Ribordy; W. Tittel; H. Zbinden Quantum cryptography, Rev. Mod. Phys., Volume 74 ( January 2002 ) no. 1, pp. 145-195

[104] M. Couillard; M. Kociak; O. Stephan; G.A. Botton; C. Colliex Multiple-interface coupling effects in local electron-energy-loss measurements of band gap energies, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 76 ( October 2007 ) no. 16, p. 165131

[105] B.G. Yacobi; D.B. Holt Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Springer US, 1990

[106] U. Jahn; J. Ristic; E. Calleja Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and imaging of GaN/(Al,Ga)N nanocolumns containing quantum disks, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 90 ( April 2007 ) no. 16, p. 161117

[107] J. RodriguezViejo; K.F. Jensen; H. Mattoussi; J. Michel; B.O. Dabbousi; M.G. Bawendi Cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence of highly luminescent CdSe/ZnS quantum dot composites, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 70 ( April 1997 ) no. 16, pp. 2132-2134

[108] M. Grundmann; J. Christen; N.N. Ledentsov; J. Bohrer; D. Bimberg; S.S. Ruvimov; P. Werner; U. Richter; U. Gosele; J. Heydenreich; V.M. Ustinov; A.Y. Egorov; A.E. Zhukov; P.S. Kopev; Z.I. Alferov Ultranarrow luminescence lines from single quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 74 ( May 1995 ) no. 20, pp. 4043-4046

[109] J.P. Garayt; J.M. Gerard; F. Enjalbert; L. Ferlazzo; S. Founta; E. Martinez-Guerrero; F. Rol; D. Araujo; R. Cox; B. Daudin; B. Gayral; L.S. Dang; H. Mariette Study of isolated cubic GaN quantum dots by low-temperature cathodoluminescence, Physica E, Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct., Volume 26 ( February 2005 ) no. 1–4, pp. 203-206

[110] L. Rigutti; M. Tchernycheva; A.D. Bugallo; G. Jacopin; F.H. Julien; L.F. Zagonel; K. March; O. Stephan; M. Kociak; R. Songmuang Ultraviolet photodetector based on GaN/AlN quantum disks in a single nanowire, Nano Lett., Volume 10 ( August 2010 ) no. 8, pp. 2939-2943

[111] L. Rigutti; M. Tchernycheva; A.D. Bugallo; G. Jacopin; F.H. Julien; F. Furtmayr; M. Stutzmann; M. Eickhoff; R. Songmuang; F. Fortuna Photoluminescence polarization properties of single GaN nanowires containing AlxGa(1-x)N/GaN quantum discs, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 81 ( January 2010 ) no. 4, p. 045411

[112] J. Renard; R. Songmuang; G. Tourbot; C. Bougerol; B. Daudin; B. Gayral Evidence for quantum-confined stark effect in GaN/AlN quantum dots in nanowires, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 80 ( September 2009 ) no. 12, p. 121305

[113] G. Tourbot; C. Bougerol; F. Glas; L.F. Zagonel; Z. Mahfoud; S. Meuret; P. Gilet; M. Kociak; B. Gayral; B. Daudin Growth mechanism and properties of ingan insertions in GaN nanowires, Nanotechnology, Volume 23 ( April 2012 ) no. 13, p. 135703

[114] L.F. Zagonel; L. Rigutti; M. Tchernycheva; G. Jacopin; R. Songmuang; M. Kociak Visualizing highly localized luminescence in GaN/AlN heterostructures in nanowires, Nanotechnology, Volume 23 (2012) no. 45, p. 455205

[115] R. Paul Edwards; David Sleith; Alastair W. Wark; Robert W. Martin Mapping localized surface plasmons within silver nanocubes using cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging, J. Phys. Chem. C, Volume 115 (2011) no. 29, pp. 14031-14035

[116] J. Bruckbauer; P.R. Edwards; J. Bai; T. Wang; R.W. Martin Probing light emission from quantum wells within a single nanorod, Nanotechnology, Volume 24 (2013), p. 365704

[117] D.A.B. Miller; D.S. Chemla; T.C. Damen; A.C. Gossard; W. Wiegmann; T.H. Wood; C.A. Burrus Band-edge electroabsorption in quantum well structures – the quantum-confined stark-effect, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 53 (1984) no. 22, pp. 2173-2176

[118] J. Barjon; J. Brault; B. Daudin; D. Jalabert; B. Sieber Cathodoluminescence study of carrier diffusion in AlGaN, J. Appl. Phys., Volume 94 ( August 2003 ) no. 4, pp. 2755-2757

[119] S.J. Pennycock; A. Howie Study of single-electron excitations by electron microscopy. II. Cathodoluminescence image contrast from localized energy transfers, Philos. Mag. A, Volume 41 (1979), pp. 809-827

[120] N. Yamamoto; J.C.H. Spence; D. Fathy Cathodoluminescence and polarization studies from individual dislocations in diamond, Philos. Mag. B, Volume 49 (1984) no. 6, pp. 609-629

[121] B. Wilsch; U. Jahn; B. Jenichen; J. Lahnemann; H.T. Grahn; H. Wang; H. Yang Spatially resolved investigation of strain and composition variations in (In,Ga)N/GaN epilayers, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 102 ( February 2013 ) no. 5, p. 052109

[122] A. Pierret; C. Bougerol; B. Gayral; M. Kociak; B. Daudin Probing alloy composition gradient and nanometer-scale carrier localization in single AlGaN nanowires by nanocathodoluminescence, Nanotechnology, Volume 24 (2013), p. 305703

[123] L.H.G. Tizei; M. Kociak Spectrally and spatially resolved cathodoluminescence of nanodiamonds: local variations of the NV0 emission properties, Nanotechnology, Volume 23 ( May 2012 ) no. 17, p. 175702

[124] W.E. Lamb Anti-photon, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., Volume 60 ( February 1995 ) no. 2–3, pp. 77-84

[125] A. Beveratos; R. Brouri; T. Gacoin; A. Villing; J.P. Poizat; P. Grangier Single photon quantum cryptography, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 89 ( October 2002 ) no. 18, p. 187901

[126] J. McKeever; A. Boca; A.D. Boozer; R. Miller; J.R. Buck; A. Kuzmich; H.J. Kimble Deterministic generation of single photons from one atom trapped in a cavity, Science, Volume 303 ( March 2004 ) no. 5666, pp. 1992-1994

[127] S. Kako; C. Santori; K. Hoshino; S. Gotzinger; Y. Yamamoto; Y. Arakawa A gallium-nitride single-photon source operating at 200k, Nat. Mater., Volume 5 ( November 2006 ) no. 11, pp. 887-892

[128] L.H. Robins; L.P. Cook; E.N. Farabaugh; A. Feldman Cathodoluminescence of defects in diamond films and particles grown by hot-filament chemical-vapor deposition, Phys. Rev. B, Volume 39 ( June 1989 ) no. 18, pp. 13367-13377

[129] N. Mizuochi; T. Makino; H. Kato; D. Takeuchi; M. Ogura; H. Okushi; M. Nothaft; P. Neumann; A. Gali; F. Jelezko; J. Wrachtrup; S. Yamasaki Electrically driven single-photon source at room temperature in diamond, Nat. Photonics, Volume 6 ( May 2012 ) no. 5, pp. 299-303

[130] A. Lohrmann; S. Pezzagna; I. Dobrinets; P. Spinicelli; V. Jacques; J.F. Roch; J. Meijer; A.M. Zaitsev Diamond based light-emitting diode for visible single-photon emission at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett., Volume 99 ( December 2011 ) no. 25, p. 251106

Cité par Sources :

Commentaires - Politique

Ces articles pourraient vous intéresser

High-resolution microscopy of plasmon field distributions by scanning tunneling luminescence and photoemission electron microscopies

Ludovic Douillard; Fabrice Charra

C. R. Phys (2012)

Shaping electron beams for the generation of innovative measurements in the (S)TEM

Jo Verbeeck; Giulio Guzzinati; Laura Clark; ...

C. R. Phys (2014)

Networking strategies of the microscopy community for improved utilisation of advanced instruments: (3) Two European initiatives to support TEM infrastructures and promote electron microscopy over Europe, ESTEEM (2006–2011) and ESTEEM 2 (2012–2016)

Etienne Snoeck; Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

C. R. Phys (2014)