Nous examinons le rôle des différences physiques, chimiques et physicochimiques entre les conséquences des accidents de centrales électronucléaires – désignées EN dans la suite – et les accidents majeurs des grands équipements technologiques à hauts risques (extraction, raffinerie et transport du pétrole, grande chimie, lancer de navette spatiale, aviation, mines, chemin de fer à grande vitesse, etc.) afin de pouvoir borner dans l'espace et dans le temps, leurs graves conséquences sur les sociétés humaines, voisines ou non. Nous identifions les substances contenant des noyaux radioactifs dangereux lors de ces accidents nucléaires majeurs des centrales EN et cherchons à diminuer et contrôler les causes de leur diffusion dans l'atmosphère, les sols, les eaux continentales et maritimes. Nous proposons des voies de recherche scientifique conduisant à des solutions pour ce faire, et en particulier :
- A. diminuer, autant que faire se peut, les durées d'irradiation des combustibles nucléaires, et après leur sortie du cœur du réacteur, en extraire les noyaux radioactifs litigieux ;
- B. concevoir des réacteurs de puissance dont les combustibles nucléaires seraient des liquides qui se verraient fréquemment (et même continuellement) soutirés du cœur du réacteur. Les corps radioactifs litigieux seraient alors extraits par voie chimique et le fluide combustible purifié renvoyé dans le cœur ;
- C. séparer, plus radicalement, le circuit du fluide combustible et le circuit du fluide caloporteur, ce dernier pouvant alors ne plus être radioactif, ce qui simplifie considérablement sa conception, son fonctionnement et son démantèlement ;
- D. utiliser un combustible de numéro atomique plus petit que celui de l'uranium ou du plutonium, comme le thorium. Les cycles de combustibles des actinides à numéros atomiques Z (nombre de protons) et A (nombre de nucléons) élevés conduisent, par captures successives de neutrons, à des noyaux pair–pair sujets aux fissions spontanées, donc à des émissions de neutrons lors de ces fissions, même quand la réaction nucléaire en chaîne est arrêtée. Les émissions de neutrons sont un des dangers majeurs et exigent des installations de radioprotection difficiles à réaliser. Une voie de perfectionnement des concepts A, B, C est de partir d'un combustible de numéro atomique plus petit que celui de l'uranium ou du plutonium, comme le thorium. Cela constitue le concept D étudié ici.
We examine the role of physical, chemical and physicochemical differences between the consequences of accidents occurring in high-risk technologies (oil extraction, refinery and transport, big chemistry process, space shuttle flying start, airplane, underground mining, high velocity train transportation, etc.) and the major radioactive major accidents in nuclear power plants (NPP) from the viewpoint of their sequels, confined or not confined, in space and time, and then, their serious impact on human societies, neighboring or not. We identify chemical (as volatile species, noble gases, etc.), physical bodies (as aerosols, etc.) containing radioactive nuclei released in these accidents and seek to control and reduce the causes of their diffusion in the atmosphere, migrations in soils and land, transfer in inland waters and oceans. We propose ways of scientific research leading to solutions with a view to get an improved control of these radioactive substances, and in particular:
- A. reducing as much as possible the irradiation duration by removing the fuel elements from the nuclear core of the NPP reactor and extracting all culprit radioactive nuclei;
- B. designing power reactors using liquid fuels that can be frequently or even continuously removed from the core of the reactor. The disputed radioactive substances can, then, be extracted by chemical processes. The purified nuclear fuel fluid may then be returned to the core;
- C. to separate, in a more radical manner, the circuits of the nuclear fuel and that of the cooling fluid, in order to decrease strongly the radioactive phenomena in the latter, easing its design, operation, maintenance and dismantling;
- D. using a fuel of lower atomic number than uranium or plutonium, as thorium. The use in the present-time fuel cycle of actinides with high atomic numbers Z (number of protons) and A (number of nucleons) leads, by successive neutron captures, to very high Z and A pair–pair nuclei (as americium and curium) subject to spontaneous fissions, then emitting neutrons of fission, even when the nuclear chain reaction is stopped. Neutron emissions are a major hazard if their mass production oversizes the laboratory level. It poses difficult, complicated scientific problems for human radioprotection. A way to improve concepts further than A, B, and C consists in using a nuclear fuel whose Z and A numbers are much smaller than those of uranium, for instance thorium. This is concept D studied here.
Keywords: Nuclear power, Safety, Fission products, Plutonium, Americium
@article{CRPHYS_2014__15_6_481_0,
author = {Robert Dautray and Jacques Friedel and Yves Br\'echet},
title = {Contr\^oler et limiter la dispersion des produits radioactifs des centrales \'electronucl\'eaires en cas d'accident},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
pages = {481--508},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2014.04.003},
language = {fr},
}
TY - JOUR AU - Robert Dautray AU - Jacques Friedel AU - Yves Bréchet TI - Contrôler et limiter la dispersion des produits radioactifs des centrales électronucléaires en cas d'accident JO - Comptes Rendus. Physique PY - 2014 SP - 481 EP - 508 VL - 15 IS - 6 PB - Elsevier DO - 10.1016/j.crhy.2014.04.003 LA - fr ID - CRPHYS_2014__15_6_481_0 ER -
%0 Journal Article %A Robert Dautray %A Jacques Friedel %A Yves Bréchet %T Contrôler et limiter la dispersion des produits radioactifs des centrales électronucléaires en cas d'accident %J Comptes Rendus. Physique %D 2014 %P 481-508 %V 15 %N 6 %I Elsevier %R 10.1016/j.crhy.2014.04.003 %G fr %F CRPHYS_2014__15_6_481_0
Robert Dautray; Jacques Friedel; Yves Bréchet. Contrôler et limiter la dispersion des produits radioactifs des centrales électronucléaires en cas d'accident. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 15 (2014) no. 6, pp. 481-508. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2014.04.003. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2014.04.003/
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