[Modéliser les villes]
Les villes sont des systèmes avec un grand nombre de constituants et d'agents interagissant les uns avec les autres ; elles peuvent être considérées comme emblématiques des systèmes complexes. La modélisation de ces systèmes est un véritable défi et a suscité l'intérêt de nombreuses disciplines telles que la géographie quantitative, l'économie spatiale, la géomatique et l'urbanisme, et plus récemment la physique. La physique (statistique) joue un rôle majeur en apportant des outils et des concepts capables de jeter des ponts entre la théorie et les résultats empiriques ; nous illustrerons cet aspect à l'aide de certains aspects fondamentaux des villes : la croissance de leur superficie et de leur population, leur organisation spatiale et la distribution spatiale des activités. Nous présenterons l'état de l'art ainsi que des modèles, mais aussi des problèmes ouverts dont nous n'avons encore qu'une compréhension parcellaire, et pour lesquels les approches de la physique pourraient être particulièrement utiles. Nous terminerons cette brève revue en discutant la faisabilité de la construction d'une science des villes.
Cities are systems with a large number of constituents and agents interacting with each other and can be considered as emblematic of complex systems. Modeling these systems is a real challenge and triggered the interest of many disciplines such as quantitative geography, spatial economics, geomatics and urbanism, and more recently physics. (Statistical) Physics plays a major role by bringing tools and concepts able to bridge theory and empirical results, and we will illustrate this on some fundamental aspects of cities: the growth of their surface area and their population, their spatial organization, and the spatial distribution of activities. We will present state-of-the-art results and models but also open problems for which we still have a partial understanding and where physics approaches could be particularly helpful. We will end this short review with a discussion about the possibility of constructing a science of cities.
Mot clés : Science des villes, Physique Statistique, Economie urbaine
@article{CRPHYS_2019__20_4_293_0,
author = {Marc Barthelemy},
title = {Modeling cities},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
pages = {293--307},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2019.05.005},
language = {en},
}
Marc Barthelemy. Modeling cities. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 4, pp. 293-307. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.05.005. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.05.005/
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