[De l’échelle du laboratoire aux paysages planétaires, quelles sont les empreintes laissées par des écoulements de surface sur des substrats solides en ablation soumis à des changements de phase ?]
Les processus en ablation, tels que les changements de phase, physiques (sublimation/fusion) ou chimiques (dissolution), sont étudiés dans de nombreuses applications techniques en physique. Pour les interfaces solide/fluide, l’interaction entre un changement de phase et un écoulement peut conduire à la formation de motifs topographiques. Dans ce cas, la mécanique des fluides associée à de tels changements de phase joue un rôle primordial dans l’évolution des paysages terrestres et planétaires, observés par les sondes en orbite autour des planètes et des lunes. Sur Terre, la glace de mer, les glaciers et les plateaux karstiques s’étendent sur des mètres ou des kilomètres. L’échelle de ces paysages contraste avec l’échelle des mécanismes physiques qui régissent leur dynamique évolutive. C’est en effet la taille typique des couches limites atmosphériques ou des films d’eau de fonte/soluté qui limite le transfert de chaleur/concentration à l’interface de changement de phase/dissolution, et donc le taux d’ablation du solide. Dans de nombreuses situations, ces couches sont contrôlées par l’écoulement du fluide, de type convection naturelle ou forcée. Dans le premier cas, la flottabilité de la fonte/dissolution elle-même, entraîne une stratification en densité causée par des gradients de température/concentration, qui peut être stable ou instable. Dans le second cas, l’écoulement forcé par des vents ou des pentes peut être considéré comme un écoulement de hauteur infinie ou finie, tels que les écoulements à surface libre. Dans tous les cas, le flux de masse modifie la topographie, qui en retour impacte les écoulements de couches limites (fines ou épaisses) et donc le taux d’ablation de manière rétroactive. Dans la nature, la rétroaction positive entre la géométrie et le transfert de masse entraîne la formation spontanée de formes caractéristiques à différentes échelles. Ces formes ne sont pas seulement des curiosités géologiques, comme le sont par exemple les « Zen stones », ces pierres sur un piédestal de glace ou encore les cônes de poussière, mais des marqueurs des processus hydrodynamiques en jeu. De nombreux paysages sont façonnés selon des motifs réguliers et répétés, qu’ils soient pointus, en forme de cupules, à ligne de crêtes parallèles entre elles ou encore en marches d’escaliers. Dans ce papier de synthèse, nous recensons les études expérimentales dédiées à l’étude des motifs générés par différents modes de transport des flux sur des substrats solides soumis à des changements de phase physiques ou chimiques. Nous souhaitons ainsi mettre en avant le rôle du mode de transport des flux dans la diversité des motifs observés sur des matériaux analogues. Comprendre la diversité de ces motifs est essentiel pour évaluer les conditions environnementales dans lesquelles ils se forment, notamment sur des planètes comme Mars ou Pluton sur lesquelles les changements de phase jouent un rôle géomorphologique majeur.
Physical or chemical phase changes in ablation, such as sublimation, melting or dissolution, are studied in physics for their many engineering applications. At solid/fluid interfaces, the interaction between a phase change and a flow can lead to pattern formation. In this case, the fluid mechanics associated with such phase changes play a key role in the evolution of terrestrial and planetary landscapes, observed by probes orbiting planets and moons. On Earth, sea ice, glaciers and karst plateaus extend over meters or kilometers. The scale of these landscapes contrasts with the scale of the physical mechanisms that govern their evolutionary dynamics. Indeed, it is the typical size of atmospheric boundary layers or meltwater/vapor/solute films that constrain the heat/concentration transfer at the phase change/dissolution interface, and hence the rate of solid ablation. In many situations, these layers are controlled by fluid flow, either natural or forced convection. In the former case, the flow may be buoyancy driven by the melting/dissolution/sublimation itself, resulting in density stratification caused by, for example, temperature/concentration gradients. This stratification may be stable or unstable. In the second case, the flow forced by winds or slopes can be considered as a flow of an infinite height or of a finite height, such as shallow water flow. In all cases, the mass flux modifies topography, which in turn affects the boundary layer flows and thus the ablation rate in a retroactive way. In nature, the positive feedback between geometry and mass transfer drives the spontaneous formation of characteristic patterns at different scales. These patterns are not just geological curiosities, such as Zen stones or dirt cones but markers of the hydrodynamic processes at work. Many landscapes are shaped by regular, repeated patterns, whether sharp-edged, scalloped, parallel-crested, or stepped. By experimentally investigating different modes of flow transport on solid substrates undergoing physical or chemical phase change, this review aims to highlight the role of the flow transport mode in the diversity of patterns observed on analogous materials. Understanding the diversity of these patterns is key to assessing the environmental conditions under which they form on planets such as Mars or Pluto, where phase changes play a very important geomorphological role.
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Mots-clés : Sublimation, Fusion, Dissolution, Motifs solides naturels, Analogues expérimentaux, Formation de motifs, Classification
Sabrina Carpy 1 ; Michael Berhanu 2 ; Martin Chaigne 2 ; Sylvain Courrech du Pont 2
CC-BY 4.0
@article{CRPHYS_2024__25_S3_A1_0,
author = {Sabrina Carpy and Michael Berhanu and Martin Chaigne and Sylvain Courrech~du Pont},
title = {Fingerprints of surface flows on solid substrates ablated by phase change: from laboratory experiments to planetary landscapes},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
publisher = {Acad\'emie des sciences, Paris},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.5802/crphys.230},
language = {en},
note = {Online first},
}
TY - JOUR AU - Sabrina Carpy AU - Michael Berhanu AU - Martin Chaigne AU - Sylvain Courrech du Pont TI - Fingerprints of surface flows on solid substrates ablated by phase change: from laboratory experiments to planetary landscapes JO - Comptes Rendus. Physique PY - 2024 PB - Académie des sciences, Paris N1 - Online first DO - 10.5802/crphys.230 LA - en ID - CRPHYS_2024__25_S3_A1_0 ER -
%0 Journal Article %A Sabrina Carpy %A Michael Berhanu %A Martin Chaigne %A Sylvain Courrech du Pont %T Fingerprints of surface flows on solid substrates ablated by phase change: from laboratory experiments to planetary landscapes %J Comptes Rendus. Physique %D 2024 %I Académie des sciences, Paris %Z Online first %R 10.5802/crphys.230 %G en %F CRPHYS_2024__25_S3_A1_0
Sabrina Carpy; Michael Berhanu; Martin Chaigne; Sylvain Courrech du Pont. Fingerprints of surface flows on solid substrates ablated by phase change: from laboratory experiments to planetary landscapes. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-48. doi : 10.5802/crphys.230.
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