Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy

Chris Clarkson

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005

Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy
[Comment établir lʼhomogénéité de lʼunivers au regard de lʼénergie noire]

Chris Clarkson ^1,²

¹ Astrophysics, Cosmology & Gravity Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
² Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 13 (2012) no. 6-7, pp. 682-718.

Résumé
Abstract

Lʼhypothèse que lʼunivers est spatialement homogène à grande échelle est au fondement de presque toute la cosmologie. Cette idée est basée sur le principe de Copernic, qui érige que nous ne tenons pas une place particulière dans lʼunivers. De façon surprenante, cette hypothèse philosophique nʼa pas encore été montrée indépendamment du paradigme standard de la cosmologie. Ce problème a été mis en exergue par des modèles cosmologiques qui peuvent expliquer lʼapparente accélération en utilisant lʼinhomogénéité spatiale plutôt que lʼénergie noire. Ces modèles remplacent lʼajustement fin associé à la constante cosmologique par un ajustement spatial, et ainsi violent le principe de Copernic. Même sʼil semble peu probable que ces modèles donnent une solution réaliste aux problèmes de lʼénergie noire, ils révèlent cependant notre ignorance de lʼinhomogénéité radiale de lʼunivers. Ainsi reste un probleme épineux : comment tester de façon robuste le principe de Copernic indépendamment de lʼexistence de lʼénergie noire ou de toute théorie de la gravité.

Assuming the universe is spatially homogeneous on the largest scales lays the foundation for almost all cosmology. This idea is based on the Copernican Principle, that we are not at a particularly special place in the universe. Surprisingly, this philosophical assumption has yet to be rigorously demonstrated independently of the standard paradigm. This issue has been brought to light by cosmological models which can potentially explain apparent acceleration by spatial inhomogeneity rather than dark energy. These models replace the temporal fine tuning associated with Λ with a spatial fine tuning, and so violate the Copernican assumption. While is seems unlikely that such models can really give a realistic solution to the dark energy problem, they do reveal how poorly constrained radial inhomogeneity actually is. So the bigger issue remains: How do we robustly test the Copernican Principle independently of dark energy or theory of gravity?

Publié le : 2012-07-01

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005

Keywords: Dark energy, Spatial inhomogeneity, Gravity theory
Mot clés : Énergie noire, Inhomogénéité spatiale, Théorie de la gravité

Affiliations des auteurs :

Chris Clarkson ^{1, 2}

¹ Astrophysics, Cosmology & Gravity Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
² Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

@article{CRPHYS_2012__13_6-7_682_0,
     author = {Chris Clarkson},
     title = {Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
     pages = {682--718},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {13},
     number = {6-7},
     year = {2012},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005},
     language = {en},
}

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Chris Clarkson
TI  - Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Physique
PY  - 2012
SP  - 682
EP  - 718
VL  - 13
IS  - 6-7
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005
LA  - en
ID  - CRPHYS_2012__13_6-7_682_0
ER  -

%0 Journal Article
%A Chris Clarkson
%T Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy
%J Comptes Rendus. Physique
%D 2012
%P 682-718
%V 13
%N 6-7
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005
%G en
%F CRPHYS_2012__13_6-7_682_0

Chris Clarkson. Establishing homogeneity of the universe in the shadow of dark energy. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 13 (2012) no. 6-7, pp. 682-718. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.005/

Bibliographie
Cité par

[1] C.A. Egan Dark energy, anthropic selection effects, entropy and life | arXiv

[2] J.W. Moffat; D.C. Tatarski Redshift and structure formation in a spatially flat inhomogeneous universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 45 (1992), p. 3512

[3] J.W. Moffat; D.C. Tatarski Cosmological observations in a local void, Astrophys. J., Volume 453 (1995), p. 17 | arXiv

[4] N.P. Humphreys; R. Maartens; D.R. Matravers Anisotropic observations in universes with nonlinear inhomogeneity, Astrophys. J., Volume 477 (1997), p. 47 | arXiv

[5] N. Mustapha; B.A. Bassett; C. Hellaby; G.F.R. Ellis Shrinking 2. The distortion of the area distance redshift relation in inhomogeneous isotropic universes, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 15 (1998), p. 2363 | arXiv

[6] I. Zehavi; A.G. Riess; R.P. Kirshner; A. Dekel A local Hubble bubble from SNe Ia?, Astrophys. J., Volume 503 (1998), p. 483 | arXiv

[7] N. Mustapha; C. Hellaby; G.F.R. Ellis Large scale inhomogeneity versus source evolution: can we distinguish them observationally?, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 292 (1997), p. 817 | arXiv

[8] J.F. Pascual-Sanchez Cosmic acceleration: inhomogeneity versus vacuum energy, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, Volume 14 (1999), p. 1539 | arXiv

[9] M.-N. Celerier Do we really see a cosmological constant in the supernovae data?, Astron. Astrophys., Volume 353 (2000), p. 63 | arXiv

[10] C. Hellaby Multicolor observations, inhomogeneity and evolution, Astron. Astrophys., Volume 372 (2001), p. 357 | arXiv

[11] K. Tomita A local void and the accelerating universe, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 326 (2001), p. 287 | arXiv

[12] K. Tomita Analyses of type Ia supernova data in cosmological models with a local void, Prog. Theor. Phys., Volume 106 (2001), p. 929 | arXiv

[13] H. Iguchi; T. Nakamura; K.-i. Nakao Is dark energy the only solution to the apparent acceleration of the present universe?, Prog. Theor. Phys., Volume 108 (2002), p. 809 | arXiv

[14] J.W. Moffat Cosmic microwave background, accelerating Universe and inhomogeneous cosmology, JCAP, Volume 0510 (2005), p. 012 | arXiv

[15] J.W. Moffat Late-time inhomogeneity and acceleration without dark energy, JCAP, Volume 0605 (2006), p. 001 | arXiv

[16] H. Alnes; M. Amarzguioui; O. Gron An inhomogeneous alternative to dark energy?, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 73 (2006), p. 083519 | arXiv

[17] K. Bolejko Supernovae Ia observations in the Lemaitre–Tolman model, PMC Phys. A, Volume 2 (2008), p. 1 | arXiv

[18] R.A. Vanderveld; E.E. Flanagan; I. Wasserman Mimicking dark energy with Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi models: Weak central singularities and critical points, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 74 (2006), p. 023506 | arXiv

[19] D. Garfinkle Inhomogeneous spacetimes as a dark energy model, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 23 (2006), p. 4811 | arXiv

[20] T. Biswas; R. Mansouri; A. Notari Nonlinear structure formation and apparent acceleration: an investigation, JCAP, Volume 0712 (2007), p. 017 | arXiv

[21] H. Alnes; M. Amarzguioui CMB anisotropies seen by an off-center observer in a spherically symmetric inhomogeneous universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 74 (2006), p. 103520 | arXiv

[22] D.J.H. Chung; A.E. Romano Mapping luminosity–redshift relationship to LTB cosmology, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 74 (2006), p. 103507 | arXiv

[23] K. Enqvist; T. Mattsson The effect of inhomogeneous expansion on the supernova observations, JCAP, Volume 0702 (2007), p. 019 | arXiv

[24] M.N. Celerier Accelerated-like expansion: inhomogeneities versus dark energy, 2006 | arXiv

[25] H. Alnes; M. Amarzguioui The supernova Hubble diagram for off-center observers in a spherically symmetric inhomogeneous universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 75 (2007), p. 023506 | arXiv

[26] A.E. Romano Redshift spherical shell energy in isotropic universes, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 76 (2007), p. 103525 | arXiv

[27] M.-N. Celerier The accelerated expansion of the Universe challenged by an effect of the inhomogeneities. A review | arXiv

[28] A.J. Conley; R.G. Carlberg; J. Guy; D.A. Howell; S. Jha; A.G. Riess; M. Sullivan Is there evidence for a Hubble bubble? The nature of type Ia supernova colors and dust in external galaxies, Astrophys. J., Volume 664 (2007), p. L13 | arXiv

[29] T.H.-C. Lu; C. Hellaby Obtaining the spacetime metric from cosmological observations, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 24 (2007), p. 4107 | arXiv

[30] M. Ishak; J. Richardson; D. Whittington; D. Garred; M. Ishak; J. Richardson; D. Whittington; D. Garred Dark energy or apparent acceleration due to a relativistic cosmological model more complex than FLRW?, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 78 (2008), p. 123531 (Erratum) | arXiv

[31] M.L. McClure; C. Hellaby The metric of the cosmos II: Accuracy, stability, and consistency, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 78 (2008), p. 044005 | arXiv

[32] K. Enqvist Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi model and accelerating expansion, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 40 (2008), p. 451 | arXiv

[33] S. Sarkar Is the evidence for dark energy secure?, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 40 (2008), p. 269 | arXiv

[34] R.R. Caldwell; A. Stebbins A test of the Copernican principle, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 100 (2008), p. 191302 | arXiv

[35] T. Mattsson Dark energy as a mirage, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 42 (2010), p. 567 | arXiv

[36] S. Alexander; T. Biswas; A. Notari; D. Vaid Local void vs dark energy: Confrontation with WMAP and type Ia supernovae, JCAP, Volume 0909 (2009), p. 025 | arXiv

[37] C. Clarkson; B. Bassett; T.H.-C. Lu A general test of the Copernican principle, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 101 (2008), p. 011301 | arXiv

[38] J.-P. Uzan; C. Clarkson; G.F.R. Ellis Time drift of cosmological redshifts as a test of the Copernican principle, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 100 (2008), p. 191303 | arXiv

[39] J. Garcia-Bellido; T. Haugboelle Confronting Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi models with observational cosmology, JCAP, Volume 0804 (2008), p. 003 | arXiv

[40] J.P. Zibin Scalar perturbations on Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi spacetimes, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 78 (2008), p. 043504 | arXiv

[41] C.-M. Yoo; T. Kai; K.-i. Nakao Solving inverse problem with inhomogeneous universe, Prog. Theor. Phys., Volume 120 (2008), p. 937 | arXiv

[42] J. Garcia-Bellido; T. Haugboelle Looking the void in the eyes – the kSZ effect in LTB models, JCAP, Volume 0809 (2008), p. 016 | arXiv

[43] T. Clifton; P.G. Ferreira; K. Land Living in a void: Testing the Copernican principle with distant supernovae, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 101 (2008), p. 131302 | arXiv

[44] K. Bolejko; J.S.B. Wyithe Testing the Copernican principle via cosmological observations, JCAP, Volume 0902 (2009), p. 020 | arXiv

[45] M.E. Araujo; W.R. Stoeger; R.C. Arcuri; M.L. Bedran Solving Einstein field equations in observational coordinates with cosmological data functions: Spherically symmetric universes with cosmological constant, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 78 (2008), p. 063513 | arXiv

[46] P. Hunt; S. Sarkar Constraints on large scale inhomogeneities from WMAP-5 and SDSS: confrontation with recent observations, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 401 (2010), p. 547 | arXiv

[47] J. Jia; H.-b. Zhang Can the Copernican principle be tested by cosmic neutrino background?, JCAP, Volume 0812 (2008), p. 002 | arXiv

[48] J.P. Zibin; A. Moss; D. Scott Can we avoid dark energy?, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 101 (2008), p. 251303 | arXiv

[49] J. Garcia-Bellido; T. Haugboelle The radial BAO scale and cosmic shear, a new observable for inhomogeneous cosmologies, JCAP, Volume 0909 (2009), p. 028 | arXiv

[50] T. Clifton; P.G. Ferreira; J. Zuntz What the small angle CMB really tells us about the curvature of the universe, JCAP, Volume 0907 (2009), p. 029 | arXiv

[51] K. Tomita; K.T. Inoue Probing violation of the Copernican principle via the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 79 (2009), p. 103505 | arXiv

[52] A. Krasinski; C. Hellaby; K. Bolejko; M.-N. Celerier Imitating accelerated expansion of the Universe by matter inhomogeneities: Corrections of some misunderstandings, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 42 (2010), p. 2453 | arXiv

[53] C. Clarkson; T. Clifton; S. February Perturbation theory in Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi cosmology, JCAP, Volume 0906 (2009), p. 025 | arXiv

[54] M.E. Araujo; W.R. Stoeger; M.E. Araujo; W.R. Stoeger Obtaining the time evolution for spherically symmetric Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi models given data on our past light cone, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 80 (2009), p. 123517 (Erratum) | arXiv

[55] M.-N. Celerier; K. Bolejko; A. Krasinski A (giant) void is not mandatory to explain away dark energy with a Lemaitre–Tolman model, Astron. Astrophys., Volume 518 (2010), p. A21 | arXiv

[56] K. Tomita On astrophysical explanations due to cosmological inhomogeneities for the observational acceleration | arXiv

[57] K. Kainulainen; V. Marra SNe observations in a meatball universe with a local void, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 80 (2009), p. 127301 | arXiv

[58] D. Garfinkle The motion of galaxy clusters in inhomogeneous cosmologies, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 27 (2010), p. 065002 | arXiv

[59] J. Sollerman; E. Mortsell; T.M. Davis; M. Blomqvist; B. Bassett; A.C. Becker; D. Cinabro; A.V. Filippenko et al. First-year Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II (SDSS-II) supernova results: Constraints on non-standard cosmological models, Astrophys. J., Volume 703 (2009), p. 1374 | arXiv

[60] S. February; J. Larena; M. Smith; C. Clarkson Rendering dark energy void, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 405 (2010), p. 2231 | arXiv

[61] M. Blomqvist; E. Mortsell Supernovae as seen by off-center observers in a local void, JCAP, Volume 1005 (2010), p. 006 | arXiv

[62] M. Quartin; L. Amendola Distinguishing between void models and dark energy with cosmic parallax and redshift drift, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 81 (2010), p. 043522 | arXiv

[63] C. Hellaby Modelling inhomogeneity in the universe, PoS ISFTG (2009), p. 005 | arXiv

[64] J.W. Moffat Void or dark energy? | arXiv

[65] A.E. Romano Testing (in)homogeneity with redshift spherical shell mass $m n (z)$ , JCAP, Volume 1001 (2010), p. 004 | arXiv

[66] E.W. Kolb; C.R. Lamb Light-cone observations and cosmological models: implications for inhomogeneous models mimicking dark energy | arXiv

[67] A.E. Romano Non singular spherically symmetric matter inhomogeneities cannot locally mimick the cosmological constant for a central observer, JCAP, Volume 1005 (2010), p. 020 | arXiv

[68] A.E. Romano Mimicking the cosmological constant for more than one observable with large scale inhomogeneities, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 123528 | arXiv

[69] R.A. Sussman A new approach for doing theoretical and numeric work with Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi dust models | arXiv

[70] R.A. Sussman Radial asymptotics of Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi dust models, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 42 (2010), p. 2813 | arXiv

[71] M.-X. Lan; M. Li; X.-D. Li; S. Wang Cosmic age test in inhomogeneous cosmological models mimicking ΛCDM on the light-cone, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 023516 | arXiv

[72] P. Dunsby; N. Goheer; B. Osano; J.-P. Uzan How close can an inhomogeneous universe mimic the concordance model?, JCAP, Volume 1006 (2010), p. 017 | arXiv

[73] H. Goto; H. Kodama Gravitational lensing effects in the LTB model | arXiv

[74] K. Saito; A. Ishibashi; H. Kodama Analytic formulae for CMB anisotropy in LTB cosmology | arXiv

[75] M. Regis; C. Clarkson Do primordial lithium abundances imply thereʼs no dark energy?, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 44 (2012), p. 567 | arXiv

[76] C.-M. Yoo; K.-i. Nakao; M. Sasaki CMB observations in LTB universes: Part I: Matching peak positions in the CMB spectrum, JCAP, Volume 1007 (2010), p. 012 | arXiv

[77] R.A. Sussman Evolution of radial profiles in regular Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi dust models, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 27 (2010), p. 175001 | arXiv

[78] C. Clarkson; R. Maartens Inhomogeneity and the foundations of concordance cosmology, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 27 (2010), p. 124008 | arXiv

[79] T. Biswas; A. Notari; W. Valkenburg Testing the void against cosmological data: fitting CMB, BAO, SN and H0, JCAP, Volume 1011 (2010), p. 030 | arXiv

[80] P.J. van der Walt; N.T. Bishop Observational cosmology using characteristic numerical relativity, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 084001 | arXiv

[81] C. Clarkson; M. Regis The cosmic microwave background in an inhomogeneous universe – why void models of dark energy are only weakly constrained by the CMB, JCAP, Volume 1102 (2011), p. 013 | arXiv

[82] A. Moss; J.P. Zibin; D. Scott Precision cosmology defeats void models for acceleration, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 83 (2011), p. 103515 | arXiv

[83] C.-M. Yoo; K.-i. Nakao; M. Sasaki CMB observations in LTB universes: Part II – The kSZ effect in an LTB universe, JCAP, Volume 1010 (2010), p. 011 | arXiv

[84] S. Foreman; A. Moss; J.P. Zibin; D. Scott Spatial and temporal tuning in void models for acceleration, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 103532 | arXiv

[85] M.E. Araujo; W.R. Stoeger Using time drift of cosmological redshifts to find the mass-energy density of the universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 123513 | arXiv

[86] P. Zhang; A. Stebbins Confirmation of the Copernican principle at Gpc radial scale and above from the kinetic Sunyaev Zelʼdovich effect power spectrum, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 107 (2011), p. 041301 | arXiv

[87] V. Marra; M. Paakkonen Observational constraints on the LLTB model, JCAP, Volume 1012 (2010), p. 021 | arXiv

[88] C.-M. Yoo; T. Kai; K.-i. Nakao Redshift drift in LTB void universes, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 83 (2011), p. 043527 | arXiv

[89] C.-M. Yoo A note on the inverse problem with LTB universes, Prog. Theor. Phys., Volume 124 (2010), p. 645 | arXiv

[90] D. Alonso; J. Garcia-Bellido; T. Haugbolle; J. Vicente Large scale structure simulations of inhomogeneous LTB void models, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 82 (2010), p. 123530 | arXiv

[91] M.E. Araujo; W.R. Stoeger Finding a spherically symmetric cosmology from observations in observational coordinates – advantages and challenges, JCAP, Volume 1107 (2011), p. 029 | arXiv

[92] S. Chatterjee Inhomogeneities in dusty universe – a possible alternative to dark energy?, JCAP, Volume 1103 (2011), p. 014 | arXiv

[93] E.M. Duffy; B.C. Nolan Odd parity perturbations of the self-similar LTB spacetime, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 28 (2011), p. 105020 | arXiv

[94] S. Nadathur; S. Sarkar Reconciling the local void with the CMB, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 83 (2011), p. 063506 | arXiv

[95] H. Goto; H. Kodama The gravitational lensing effect on the CMB polarisation anisotropy in the lambda-LTB model, Prog. Theor. Phys., Volume 125 (2011), p. 815 | arXiv

[96] V. Marra; A. Notari Observational constraints on inhomogeneous cosmological models without dark energy, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 28 (2011), p. 164004 | arXiv

[97] R.A. Sussman Back-reaction and effective acceleration in generic LTB dust models, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 28 (2011), p. 235002 | arXiv

[98] K. Bolejko; C. Hellaby; A.H.A. Alfedeel The metric of the cosmos from luminosity and age data, JCAP, Volume 1109 (2011), p. 011 | arXiv

[99] G.F.R. Ellis Inhomogeneity effects in cosmology | arXiv

[100] A.G. Riess; L. Macri; S. Casertano; H. Lampeitl; H.C. Ferguson; A.V. Filippenko; S.W. Jha; W. Li; et al.; A.G. Riess; L. Macri; S. Casertano; H. Lampeitl; H.C. Ferguson; A.V. Filippenko; S.W. Jha; W. Li et al. A 3% solution: Determination of the Hubble constant with the Hubble space telescope and wide field camera 3, Astrophys. J., Volume 730 (2011), p. 119 (Erratum) | arXiv

[101] A.E. Romano; P. Chen Corrections to the apparent value of the cosmological constant due to local inhomogeneities, JCAP, Volume 1110 (2011), p. 016 | arXiv

[102] J.P. Zibin; A. Moss Linear kinetic Sunyaev–Zelʼdovich effect and void models for acceleration, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 28 (2011), p. 164005 | arXiv

[103] A.E. Romano Do recent accurate measurements of $H_{0}$ really rule out void models as alternatives to dark energy? | arXiv

[104] A.B. Belloso; J. Garcia-Bellido; D. Sapone A parametrization of the growth index of matter perturbations in various Dark Energy models and observational prospects using a Euclid-like survey, JCAP, Volume 1110 (2011), p. 010 | arXiv

[105] V. Marra; M. Paakkonen Exact spherically-symmetric inhomogeneous model with n perfect fluids, JCAP, Volume 1201 (2012), p. 025 | arXiv

[106] M.-N. Celerier Some clarifications about spherically symmetric models of the universe used to deal with the dark energy problem | arXiv

[107] P. Bull; T. Clifton; P.G. Ferreira The kSZ effect as a test of general radial inhomogeneity in LTB cosmology, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 85 (2012), p. 024002 | arXiv

[108] J.P. Zibin Can decaying modes save void models for acceleration?, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 84 (2011), p. 123508 | arXiv

[109] H. Wang; T.-J. Zhang Constraints on Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi models from observational Hubble parameter data | arXiv

[110] C. Winfield Well-posedness of Einsteinʼs equation with redshift data, J. Math. Phys., Volume 50 (2009), p. 113515 | arXiv

[111] K. Yagi; A. Nishizawa; C.-M. Yoo Direct measurement of the positive acceleration of the universe and testing inhomogeneous models under gravitational wave cosmology | arXiv

[112] M. Zumalacarregui; J. Garcia-Bellido; P. Ruiz-Lapuente Tension in the void: Cosmic rulers strain inhomogeneous cosmologies | arXiv

[113] B.F. Roukema; V. Blanloeil On the topological implications of inhomogeneity | arXiv

[114] A.D. Linde; D.A. Linde; A. Mezhlumian Do we live in the center of the world?, Phys. Lett. B, Volume 345 (1995), p. 203 | arXiv

[115] N. Afshordi; A. Slosar; Y. Wang A theory of a spot, JCAP, Volume 1101 (2011), p. 019 | arXiv

[116] J.-P. Uzan Dark energy, gravitation and the Copernican principle | arXiv

[117] C. Clarkson; G. Ellis; J. Larena; O. Umeh Does the growth of structure affect our dynamical models of the universe? The averaging, backreaction and fitting problems in cosmology, Rep. Prog. Phys., Volume 74 (2011), p. 112901 | arXiv

[118] T. Buchert; S. Rasanen Backreaction in late-time cosmology | arXiv

[119] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd

[120] G.F.R. Ellis Issues in the philosophy of cosmology | arXiv

[121] F.S. Labini; Y.V. Baryshev Testing the Copernican and cosmological principles in the local universe with galaxy surveys, JCAP, Volume 1006 (2010), p. 021 | arXiv

[122] G.F.R. Ellis; S.D. Nel; R. Maartens; W.R. Stoeger; A.P. Whitman Phys. Rep., 124 (1985), p. 315

[123] C. Hellaby; A.H.A. Alfedeel Solving the observer metric, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 79 (2009), p. 043501 | arXiv

[124] W.B. Bonnor; G.F.R. Ellis Observational homogeneity of the universe, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 218 (1986), pp. 605-614

[125] R. Maartens, PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 1980.

[126] R. Maartens; D.R. Matravers Class. Quant. Grav., 11 (1994), p. 2693

[127] J. Silk Large-scale inhomogeneity of the universe – spherically symmetric models, Astron. Astrophys., Volume 59 (1977), pp. 53-58

[128] P. Szekeres; A. Lun What is a shell crossing singularity?, J. Austral. Math. Soc. B, Volume 41 (1999), p. 167

[129] A.G. Riess; L.-G. Strolger; S. Casertano; H.C. Ferguson; B. Mobasher; B. Gold; P.J. Challis; A.V. Filippenko et al. New Hubble space telescope discoveries of type Ia supernovae at $z ⩾ 1$ : Narrowing constraints on the early behavior of dark energy, Astrophys. J., Volume 659 (2007), p. 98 | arXiv

[130] M. Kowalski; et al.; Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration Improved cosmological constraints from new, old and combined supernova datasets, Astrophys. J., Volume 686 (2008), p. 749 | arXiv

[131] W. Hu; S. Dodelson Cosmic microwave background anisotropies, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., Volume 40 (2002), p. 171 | arXiv

[132] Y. Wang; P. Mukherjee Observational constraints on dark energy and cosmic curvature, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 76 (2007), p. 103533 | arXiv

[133] M. Vonlanthen; S. Rasanen; R. Durrer Model-independent cosmological constraints from the CMB, JCAP, Volume 1008 (2010), p. 023 | arXiv

[134] W. Hu Lecture notes on CMB theory: From nucleosynthesis to recombination | arXiv

[135] J. Goodman Geocentrism reexamined, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 52 (1995), p. 1821 | arXiv

[136] R.A. Sunyaev; Y.B. Zeldovich The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys., Volume 4 (1972), p. 173

[137] R.A. Sunyaev; Y.B. Zeldovich The velocity of clusters of galaxies relative to the microwave background – The possibility of its measurement, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 190 (1980), pp. 413-420

[138] A. Stebbins CMB spectral distortions from the scattering of temperature anisotropies | arXiv

[139] R.H. Cyburt; B.D. Fields; K.A. Olive A bitter pill: The primordial lithium problem worsens, JCAP, Volume 0811 (2008), p. 012 | arXiv

[140] E. Aver; K.A. Olive; E.D. Skillman A new approach to systematic uncertainties and self-consistency in helium abundance determinations, JCAP, Volume 1005 (2010), p. 003 | arXiv

[141] G. Steigman Primordial nucleosynthesis in the precision cosmology era, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., Volume 57 (2007), p. 463 | arXiv

[142] M. Pettini; B.J. Zych; M.T. Murphy; A. Lewis; C.C. Steidel Deuterium abundance in the most metal-poor damped Lyman alpha system: Converging on omega-baryons, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Volume 391 (2008), p. 1499 | arXiv

[143] F. Iocco; G. Mangano; G. Miele; O. Pisanti; P.D. Serpico Primordial nucleosynthesis: from precision cosmology to fundamental physics, Phys. Rep., Volume 472 (2009), p. 1 | arXiv

[144] D.J. Eisenstein; W. Hu Baryonic features in the matter transfer function, Astrophys. J., Volume 496 (1998), p. 605 | arXiv

[145] C.A. Clarkson; R.K. Barrett Covariant perturbations of Schwarzschild black holes, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 20 (2003), p. 3855 | arXiv

[146] C. Clarkson A covariant approach for perturbations of rotationally symmetric spacetimes, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 76 (2007), p. 104034 | arXiv

[147] U.H. Gerlach; U.K. Sengupta; U.H. Gerlach; U.K. Sengupta Phys. Rev. D, 19 (1979), p. 2268 (Addendum)

[148] C. Gundlach; J.M. Martin-Garcia Gauge-invariant and coordinate-independent perturbations of stellar collapse. I: The interior, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 61 (2000), p. 084024 | arXiv

[149] K. Tomita Perturbations in a spherically symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological model, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 56 (1997), p. 3341

[150] K.A. Malik; D. Wands Phys. Rep., 475 (2009), p. 1 | arXiv

[151] J. Grande; L. Perivolaropoulos Generalized LTB model with inhomogeneous isotropic dark energy: Observational constraints, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 84 (2011), p. 023514 | arXiv

[152] C. Clarkson; T. Clifton; A. Coley; R. Sung Observational constraints on the averaged universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 85 (2012), p. 043506 | arXiv

[153] V. Marra; M. Paakkonen; W. Valkenburg Bias on w from large-scale structure | arXiv

[154] A. Krasinski Inhomogeneous Cosmological Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997 (317 pp) (ISBN: 0 521 481805)

[155] J. Ehlers; P. Geren; R.K. Sachs J. Math. Phys., 9 (1968), p. 1344

[156] R. Treciokas; G.F.R. Ellis Commun. Math. Phys., 23 (1971), p. 1

[157] G.F.R. Ellis; R. Treciokas; D.R. Matravers Ann. Phys., 150 (1983), p. 487

[158] W.R. Stoeger; R. Maartens; G.F.R. Ellis Proving almost homogeneity of the universe: An almost Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, Astrophys. J., Volume 443 (1995), p. 1

[159] J.J. Ferrando; J.A. Morales; M. Portilla Phys. Rev. D, 46 (1999), p. 578

[160] C.A. Clarkson; R. Barrett Does the isotropy of the CMB imply a homogeneous universe? Some generalized EGS theorems, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 16 (1999), p. 3781 | arXiv

[161] C.A. Clarkson; A.A. Coley Magnetic fields and the cosmic microwave background, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 18 (2001), p. 1305 | arXiv

[162] C.A. Clarkson; A.A. Coley; E.S.D. OʼNeill The cosmic microwave background and scalar tensor theories of gravity, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 64 (2001), p. 063510 | arXiv

[163] R. Maartens; T. Gebbie; G.F.R. Ellis Covariant cosmic microwave background anisotropies. 2. Nonlinear dynamics, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 59 (1999), p. 083506 | arXiv

[164] M. Blomqvist; E. Mortsell Supernovae as seen by off-center observers in a local void, JCAP, Volume 1005 (2010), p. 006 | arXiv

[165] A. Kashlinsky; F. Atrio-Barandela; D. Kocevski; H. Ebeling A measurement of large-scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies: technical details, Astrophys. J., Volume 691 (2009), p. 1479 | arXiv

[166] A. Kashlinsky; F. Atrio-Barandela; H. Ebeling Measuring bulk motion of X-ray clusters via the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect: summarizing the ‘dark flow’ evidence and its implications | arXiv

[167] C.A. Clarkson; A.A. Coley; E.S.D. OʼNeill; R.A. Sussman; R.K. Barrett Inhomogeneous cosmologies, the Copernican principle and the cosmic microwave background: More on the EGS theorem, Gen. Rel. Grav., Volume 35 (2003), p. 969 | arXiv

[168] T. Clifton; C. Clarkson; P. Bull The isotropic blackbody CMB as evidence for a homogeneous universe | arXiv

[169] W. Hasse; V. Perlick On spacetime models with an isotropic Hubble law, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 16 (1999), p. 2559

[170] J. Kristian; R.K. Sachs Observations in cosmology, Astrophys. J., Volume 143 (1966), p. 379

[171] G.F.R. Ellis; M.A.H. MacCallum A class of homogeneous cosmological models, Commun. Math. Phys., Volume 12 (1969), p. 108

[172] C.A. Clarkson, On the observational characteristics of inhomogeneous cosmologies: Undermining the cosmological principle; or have cosmologists put all their EGS in one basket?, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999, . | arXiv

[173] C. Clarkson; O. Umeh Is backreaction really small within concordance cosmology?, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 28 (2011), p. 164010 | arXiv

[174] C. Alcock; B. Paczynski Nature, 281 (1979), p. 358

[175] A.F. Heavens; R. Jimenez; R. Maartens Testing homogeneity with the fossil record of galaxies, JCAP, Volume 1109 (2011), p. 035 | arXiv

[176] R. Maartens; G.F.R. Ellis; W.R. Stoeger Limits on anisotropy and inhomogeneity from the cosmic background radiation, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 51 (1995), p. 1525 | arXiv

[177] R. Maartens; G.F.R. Ellis; W.R. Stoeger Anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the universe from Delta $(T) / T$ , Astron. Astrophys., Volume 309 (1996), p. L7 | arXiv

[178] R. Maartens; G.F.R. Ellis; W.R. Stoeger Improved limits on anisotropy and inhomogeneity from the cosmic background radiation, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 51 (1995), p. 5942

[179] W.R. Stoeger; M. Araujo; T. Gebbie The limits on cosmological anisotropies and inhomogeneities from COBE data, Astrophys. J., Volume 476 (1997), p. 435 | arXiv

[180] W.C. Lim; U.S. Nilsson; J. Wainwright Anisotropic universes with isotropic cosmic microwave background radiation: Letter to the editor, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 18 (2001), p. 5583 | arXiv

[181] S. Rasanen On the relation between the isotropy of the CMB and the geometry of the universe, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 79 (2009), p. 123522 | arXiv

[182] A. Ishibashi; R.M. Wald Can the acceleration of our universe be explained by the effects of inhomogeneities?, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 23 (2006), p. 235 | arXiv

[183] K. Van Acoleyen LTB solutions in Newtonian gauge: From strong to weak fields, JCAP, Volume 0810 (2008), p. 028 | arXiv

[184] D.L. Wiltshire Average observational quantities in the timespace cosmology, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 80 (2009), p. 123512 | arXiv

[185] C. Zunckel; C. Clarkson Consistency tests for the cosmological constant, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 101 (2008), p. 181301 | arXiv

[186] V. Sahni; A. Shafieloo; A.A. Starobinsky Two new diagnostics of dark energy, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 78 (2008), p. 103502 | arXiv

[187] A. Shafieloo; C. Clarkson Model independent tests of the standard cosmological model, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 81 (2010), p. 083537 | arXiv

[188] C. Blake; K. Glazebrook; T. Davis; S. Brough; M. Colless; C. Contreras; W. Couch; S. Croom et al. The WiggleZ dark energy survey: measuring the cosmic expansion history using the Alcock–Paczynski test and distant supernovae | arXiv

[189] C. Clarkson On the determination of dark energy, AIP Conf. Proc., Volume 1241 (2010), p. 784 | arXiv

[190] R. Gilmozzi; J. Spyromilio The 42m European ELT: Status, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 7012, SPIE, 2008

[191] C. Bonvin; R. Durrer; M. Kunz The dipole of the luminosity distance: a direct measure of $h (z)$ , Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 96 (2006), p. 191302 | arXiv

[192] C. Clarkson; M. Cortes; B.A. Bassett Dynamical dark energy or simply cosmic curvature?, JCAP, Volume 0708 (2007), p. 011 | arXiv

[193] E. Mortsell; J. Jonsson A model independent measure of the large scale curvature of the universe | arXiv

[194] A. Avgoustidis; L. Verde; R. Jimenez Consistency among distance measurements: transparency, BAO scale and accelerated expansion, JCAP, Volume 0906 (2009), p. 012 | arXiv

[195] J.M. LoSecco; G.J. Mathews; Y. Wang Prospects for constraining cosmology with the extragalactic cosmic microwave background temperature, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 64 (2001), p. 123002 | arXiv

[196] A. Avgoustidis; G. Luzzi; C.J.A.P. Martins; A.M.R.V.L. Monteiro Constraints on the CMB temperature redshift dependence from SZ and distance measurements | arXiv

[197] E.F. Bunn Probing the universe on gigaparsec scales with remote cosmic microwave background quadrupole measurements, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 73 (2006), p. 123517 | arXiv

[198] R. Maartens Is the universe homogeneous?, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, Volume 369 (2011), p. 5115 | arXiv

[199] K. Tomita Gauge-invariant treatment of the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect on general spherically symmetric spacetimes, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 81 (2010), p. 063509 | arXiv

[200] D. Baumann TASI lectures on inflation | arXiv

[201] J. Valiviita; T. Giannantonio Constraints on primordial isocurvature perturbations and spatial curvature by Bayesian model selection, Phys. Rev. D, Volume 80 (2009), p. 123516 | arXiv

[202] R.K. Barrett; C.A. Clarkson Undermining the cosmological principle: almost isotropic observations in inhomogeneous cosmologies, Class. Quant. Grav., Volume 17 (2000), p. 5047 | arXiv

[203] W. Valkenburg Perceiving the equation of state of dark energy while living in a cold spot, JCAP, Volume 1201 (2012), p. 047 | arXiv

[204] V.C. Busti; J.A.S. Lima | arXiv

[205] G.F.R. Ellis; H. van Elst Cosmological models, NATO Adv. Stud. Inst. Ser. C Math. Phys. Sci., Volume 541 (1999), p. 1 | arXiv

[206] C.G. Tsagas; A. Challinor; R. Maartens Relativistic cosmology and large-scale structure, Phys. Rep., Volume 465 (2008), p. 61 | arXiv

Cité par Sources :

Commentaires - Politique