The ampere and the electrical units in the quantum era

Wilfrid Poirier; Sophie Djordjevic; Félicien Schopfer; Olivier Thévenot

doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2019.02.003

The new International System of Units / Le nouveau Système international d'unités

The ampere and the electrical units in the quantum era
[L'ampère et les unités électriques à l'ère quantique]

Wilfrid Poirier ¹ ; Sophie Djordjevic ¹ ; Félicien Schopfer ¹ ; Olivier Thévenot ¹

¹ Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais, 29, avenue Roger-Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 1-2, pp. 92-128.

Résumé
Abstract

En fixant deux constantes fondamentales de la mécanique quantique, la constante de Planck h et la charge élémentaire e, le « Système international » (SI) d'unités révisé prend explicitement en considération la mécanique quantique. Cette évolution souligne également l'importance de cette théorie, qui sous-tend les réalisations les plus exactes des unités. À partir du 20 mai 2019, les nouvelles définitions du kilogramme et de l'ampère, établies à partir des valeurs fixées de h et de e, respectivement, auront un impact particulier sur la métrologie électrique. L'effet Josephson (JE) et l'effet Hall quantique (QHE), utilisés pour conserver les étalons de tension et de résistance avec une reproductibilité sans précédent depuis 1990, permettront désormais de réaliser le volt et l'ohm sans les incertitudes héritées des anciennes définitions électromécaniques. De manière plus générale, le SI révisé soutiendra l'exploitation des effets quantiques pour réaliser les unités électriques, et ce, au bénéfice des utilisateurs. Nous passons en revue ici l'état de l'art actuel des étalons quantiques et discutons les nouvelles applications et perspectives en métrologie électrique.

By fixing two fundamental constants from quantum mechanics, the Planck constant h and the elementary charge e, the revised “Système international” (SI) of units endorses explicitly quantum mechanics. This evolution also highlights the importance of this theory that underpins the most accurate realizations of the units. From 20 May 2019 onwards, the new definitions of the kilogram and of the ampere, based on fixed values of h and e, respectively, will particularly impact the electrical metrology. The Josephson effect (JE) and the quantum Hall effect (QHE), used to maintain voltage and resistance standards with unprecedented reproducibility since 1990, will henceforth provide realizations of the volt and the ohm without the uncertainties inherited from the older electromechanical definitions. More broadly, the revised SI will support the exploitation of quantum effects to realize the electrical units, to the benefit of end-users. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of quantum standards and discuss further applications and perspectives in electrical metrology.

Publié le : 2019-01-01

DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.02.003

Keywords: Quantum electrical standards, Josephson effect, Quantum Hall effect, Single-electron tunneling, Volt, Ohm, Ampere
Mot clés : Étalons électriques quantiques, Effet Josephson, Effet Hall quantique, Effet tunnel monoélectronique, Volt, Ohm, Ampère

Affiliations des auteurs :

Wilfrid Poirier ¹ ; Sophie Djordjevic ¹ ; Félicien Schopfer ¹ ; Olivier Thévenot ¹

¹ Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais, 29, avenue Roger-Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France

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Wilfrid Poirier; Sophie Djordjevic; Félicien Schopfer; Olivier Thévenot. The ampere and the electrical units in the quantum era. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 20 (2019) no. 1-2, pp. 92-128. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.02.003. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.02.003/

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