Plan
Comptes Rendus

International Chemical Engineering Congress
Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature
[Préparation par voie physique de carbones activés obtenus à partir de noyaux d’olives destinés à l’adsorption de NO2 à température ambiante]
Comptes Rendus. Chimie, International Chemical Engineering Congress (ICEC) 2013: From fundamentals to applied chemistry and biochemistry, Volume 18 (2015) no. 1, pp. 63-74.

Résumés

Activated carbon was prepared from olive stones by physical activation using water vapor at 750 °C. Textural, morphology and surface chemistry characterizations were achieved (nitrogen adsorption, SEM, FTIR and TPD–MS). NO2 adsorption was performed for different inlet gas compositions and temperatures. NO2 may adsorb directly on the oxygenated surface groups, and can also be reduced to NO. Therefore, a second NO2 molecule adsorbs on the oxygen left on the carbon surface. TPD performed after NO2 adsorption showed the presence of various surface groups. The adsorption capacity was about 131 mg/g, which is higher than with several activated carbon prepared from classical lignocellulosic biomass. NO2 reduction into NO decreased with increasing the inlet oxygen concentration. In contrast, a slight decrease in the NO2 adsorption capacity was observed with increasing temperature. It seems that the activated carbons prepared from olive stones by steam activation could be used as efficient adsorbents for NO2 removal.

Des carbones activés ont été préparés à partir de noyaux d’olives par activation physique sous vapeur d’eau à 750 °C. Les propriétés texturales, morphologiques et la chimie de surface des carbones activés ont été caractérisées (adsorption à l’azote, MEB, IRTF, TPD–MS). L’adsorption de NO2 a été examinée à différentes concentrations et à différentes températures. NO2 peut s’adsorber directement sur les groupes oxygénés de surface et il peut également se réduire en NO. La TPD–MS a mis en évidence l’existence de plusieurs types de sites d’adsorption. La capacité d’adsorption de NO2 obtenue est supérieure aux valeurs relevées pour des carbones issus de biomasses lignocellulosiques. La réduction de NO2 en NO diminue avec l’augmentation de la concentration d’oxygène. Toutefois, une diminution de la capacité d’adsorption est observée avec l’augmentation de la température. Les carbones activés préparés dans cette étude sont des adsorbants efficaces pour l’élimination de NO2 des effluents gazeux.

Métadonnées
Reçu le :
Accepté le :
Publié le :
DOI : 10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006
Keywords: NO2 adsorption, Activated carbon, Olive stones, Water vapor activation, Surface chemistry characterization
Mots-clés : Adsorption de NO2, Carbones activés, Noyaux d’olives, Activation à la vapeur d’eau, Caractérisation de chimie de surface

Imen Ghouma 1, 2, 3 ; Mejdi Jeguirim 1 ; Sophie Dorge 2 ; Lionel Limousy 1 ; Camélia Matei Ghimbeu 1 ; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni 3

1 UMR 7361 CNRS, UHA, Institut de sciences des matériaux de Mulhouse, 15, rue Jean-Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
2 Laboratoire «Gestion des risques, environnement», UHA, 3 bis, rue Alfred-Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
3 Laboratoire «Génie des procédés et systèmes industriels», ENIG, université de Gabès, Gabès, Tunisia
@article{CRCHIM_2015__18_1_63_0,
     author = {Imen Ghouma and Mejdi Jeguirim and Sophie Dorge and Lionel Limousy and Cam\'elia Matei Ghimbeu and Abdelmottaleb Ouederni},
     title = {Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of {NO\protect\textsubscript{2}} at ambient temperature},
     journal = {Comptes Rendus. Chimie},
     pages = {63--74},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
     volume = {18},
     number = {1},
     year = {2015},
     doi = {10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006},
     language = {en},
}
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Imen Ghouma
AU  - Mejdi Jeguirim
AU  - Sophie Dorge
AU  - Lionel Limousy
AU  - Camélia Matei Ghimbeu
AU  - Abdelmottaleb Ouederni
TI  - Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature
JO  - Comptes Rendus. Chimie
PY  - 2015
SP  - 63
EP  - 74
VL  - 18
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier
DO  - 10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006
LA  - en
ID  - CRCHIM_2015__18_1_63_0
ER  - 
%0 Journal Article
%A Imen Ghouma
%A Mejdi Jeguirim
%A Sophie Dorge
%A Lionel Limousy
%A Camélia Matei Ghimbeu
%A Abdelmottaleb Ouederni
%T Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature
%J Comptes Rendus. Chimie
%D 2015
%P 63-74
%V 18
%N 1
%I Elsevier
%R 10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006
%G en
%F CRCHIM_2015__18_1_63_0
Imen Ghouma; Mejdi Jeguirim; Sophie Dorge; Lionel Limousy; Camélia Matei Ghimbeu; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni. Activated carbon prepared by physical activation of olive stones for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature. Comptes Rendus. Chimie, International Chemical Engineering Congress (ICEC) 2013: From fundamentals to applied chemistry and biochemistry, Volume 18 (2015) no. 1, pp. 63-74. doi : 10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/articles/10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.006/

Version originale du texte intégral

Le texte intégral ci-dessous peut contenir quelques erreurs de conversion par rapport à la version officielle de l'article publié.

1 Introduction

Growing concern with the environmental impact of gaseous pollutants has motivated the identification of highly effective adsorbents for pollutant elimination from the exhaust gases of several industrial processes. Nitrogen oxides are the most threatening and widespread gaseous pollutants that lead to acid rain formation as well as the depletion of the ozone layer [1]. NOx are also involved in various secondary processes generating harmful molecules as ozone and acid compounds. Their release can be avoided directly at their emission sources or by treatment of exhaust gases.

Among the various purification processes, two catalytic techniques have been developed: NOx storage and reduction (NSR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). NSR adsorbents provided with alkaline oxides and noble metals deposited on an alumina support operate in a cyclic process. The NSR catalysts can oxidize NO to NO2, store nitrogen oxides as nitrates and reduce them [2]. The SCR catalyst is generally composed of a mixture of titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, and tungsten trioxide. During the removal process, hydrogen, ammonia, or hydrocarbons are added as reducing agents [3]. The latter technique is the main exhaust treatment technology for the elimination of NOx emitted from power stations.

In spite of the promising results for the removal of NOx, these processes are very expensive and require a high operating temperature [300, 400 °C]. As an alternative to SCR, the “fast SCR” is also developed. Its advantage is that the reaction is faster than the SCR process depending on the catalyst used [4]. An economic alternative for lean NOx abatement is a combination of NSR and SCR catalysts [5]. But the issues of the catalyst's durability and of the decrease of its efficiency remain the main problems of these processes.

Recently, the removal of NO2 from low-temperature exhaust gas has received particular attention. Levasseur et al. have tested mesoporous silica materials (SBA-15) modified with metal oxides for the removal of NO2 at ambient temperature [6,7]. The authors have shown that NO2 adsorption capacities ranged between 88 mg/g and 102 mg/g for SBA-15 modified with copper oxide, while only 21 mg/g was retained on the non-modified SBA-15 [6]. A significant increase in the NO2 adsorption capacities was obtained by Levasseur et al. with cerium–zirconium mixed oxides supported on SBA-15. The highest NO2 breakthrough capacity of 318 mg/g was obtained with SBA-15 doped with Ce0.2Zr0.8O2. Moreover, the authors have noted a low amount of NO released during NO2 adsorption tests [7].

Although mesostructured silica materials have interesting adsorption capacities, their implementation on a large scale may be very difficult and very expensive. Hence, the use of carbonaceous materials for NO2 adsorption and reduction has interested several research teams. Various carbonaceous materials were evaluated, such as carbon black [8,9], diesel soot [9,10], activated carbon fibers [11], char [12], and modified cement pastes [13]. However, activated carbons showed the most interesting results for removing and minimizing NO2 emissions [14–17]. The adsorption performance of the activated carbon is attributed to its particular pore structure and surface chemistry [14].

Zhang et al. studied NO2 adsorption on three activated carbons at ambient temperature [18]. The used activated carbons were molecular sieves of a commercial carbon (SKC-AR), a SKC carbon treated under a flow of CO2 at 950 °C for 6 h (SKC-360), and commercial coconut shell-based activated carbon (PICA). The authors showed that SKC-360 has the highest NO2 adsorption capacity. The adsorption mechanism involves a weakly adsorbed NO2 on site 1 and or on site 2 as NO3 through the reduction of NO2 on the carbon surface and interaction with NO2. Such a mechanism was already established by Jeguirim et al. [8] and Shirahama et al. [11] during the investigation of NO2 interaction with carbonaceous materials. Authors have showed that the adsorption of NO2 on carbon can take place and leads to the formation of some surface complexes such as C–NO2, C–ONO, C–ONO2 and C–O [8,11]. Depending on their stability and environmental conditions, these complexes located at the outer surface lead to chemical transformations or new functional groups.

Pietrzak has examined the NO2 adsorption on activated carbons prepared from Polish bituminous coal through pyrolysis at 500–700 °C followed by KOH activation at 700 °C [19]. Adsorption of NO2 was carried out from dry and wet air (moisture of 70%). The author observed an increase of the NO2 adsorption capacities for the activated carbon treated at 700 °C from 0.5 and 0.7 mg/g (in the absence of KOH treatment) to 25.0 and 43.5 mg/g (with KOH treatment) in dry and wet conditions, respectively. Pietrzak attested that KOH activation generates an activated carbon with well-developed porous structure and micropores domination. However, the author noted that for all examined carbonaceous materials, a significant amount of NO2 was reduced to NO.

Gao et al. have obtained a higher NO2 adsorption capacity of a commercial AC at 50 °C with a value of 75.34 mg/g. The authors showed that further activation under CO2 has not a significant effect on NO2 adsorption capacity. They have confirmed the C–NO2 interaction mechanism already established by Jeguirim et al. [20].

Activated carbon derived from lignocellulosic biomass has also been investigated for the removal of NO2 pollutants. Nowicki and Pietrzak have developed carbonaceous adsorbents using physical CO2 activation for pine sawdust (PS) pellets [21,22]. Physical activation was achieved for different time periods (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at 800 °C. These authors showed that the adsorption capacities increase with increasing the activation duration. They obtained a higher adsorption capacity of PS activated for 90 min with corresponding values of 18.6 and 45.3 mg/g, in dry and wet conditions, respectively.

Various activated carbons using a lignocellulosic biomass precursor were developed by the latter research team [23,24]. Hence, Nowicki et al. have prepared activated carbons from walnut shells by chemical and physical activation [23]. The carbonaceous adsorbents were prepared through a walnut shell carbonization from room temperature to 400 °C at 5 °C/min. The obtained carbon was then exposed to CO2 physical activation or KOH chemical activation at 500–800 °C. The highest NO2 adsorption capacities for KOH and CO2 activation were 66.3 and 58.1 mg/g, respectively. The analysis of activated carbon characteristics showed that KOH chemical activation contributes to microporosity development compared to CO2 physical activation. Such behavior was attributed to better textural parameters induced by KOH compared to CO2 activated samples. In fact, KOH activation leads to microporous activated carbons with a well–developed surface area of 2305 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.15 cm3/g compared to a surface area of 697 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.36 cm3/g for the activation with CO2. In another study, Nowicki et al. prepared activated carbon from plum stone using KOH chemical activation [16]. The authors obtained a highly microporous activated carbon with a surface area of 3228 m2/g and pore volume of 1.61 cm3/g. Adsorption tests under dry conditions revealed a NO2 adsorption capacity of 67 mg/g [16].

During the NO2 adsorption tests, a significant amount of undesirable NO was emitted. Therefore, several studies investigated various modifications of the carbon surface in order to increase NO2 adsorption capacities and decrease NO emissions. Bashkova and Bandosz have examined the impregnation of wood-based activated carbon by urea followed by a thermal treatment at 450 and 900 °C [24]. They found that urea impregnation promotes NO2 adsorption and NO retention, especially when it is followed by a heat treatment at 900 °C. The NO2 adsorption capacities were 66 and 140 mg/g under dry and wet conditions, respectively. These authors have mentioned that the formation of active centers on the carbon surface and the supermicropore volume increase during the high-temperature treatment may improve the NO2 removal processes [24]. Moreover, they have attributed the increase of the adsorption capacities in wet conditions to a catalytic effect of water on the carbon oxidation due to the formation of some amounts of nitric (HNO3) and nitrous (HNO2) acids, as previously shown in the literature [25]. Some authors confirmed the established mechanism of Jeguirim et al. during the C–NO2 reaction in the presence of water vapor [26].

Levasseur et al. have tested the NO2 adsorption on activated carbon impregnated with copper and then subjected to a reductive environment using hydrazine hydrate or heat treatment under nitrogen at 925 °C [27]. The highest adsorption capacities were obtained for AC doped with 15% wt copper and reduced under hydrazine, with a value equal to 206 mg/g. These authors showed that although copper deposition blocks some pores and leads to a decrease of porosity, NO2 adsorption capacities increased with increasing copper contents. They have attributed this benefit effect to a different NO2 adsorption mechanism, since the adsorption of NO2 on oxidized copper leads to the formation of stable copper nitrates compensating the decrease of porosity [27].

Kante et al. investigated NO2 removal using wood–based activated carbon impregnated with sodium, cerium and lanthanum chlorides [14]. Authors observed an increase in the NO2 adsorption capacities due to the introduction of these chemicals onto the activated carbon. The adsorption capacities were of 283, 213 and 143 mg/g for sodium, cerium, and lanthanum chlorides, respectively. Authors attributed the increase of NO2 interaction to the NO2 bound with the different metals in the form of nitrates (Ce, La, Na), carbon oxidation surface (for Ce) and the nitrosyl formation of chloride (for Na).

The preparation conditions and NO2 adsorption capacities of activated carbon obtained from the literature are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Operating conditions used to prepare different activated carbons and their adsorption capacities of NO2.

Material/PrecursorActivation/Modification conditionsAdsorption tests conditionsNO2 adsorption capacity (mg/g)Refs.
Commercial AC (Tangshan Huaneng Technology Carbon, China)Degassed in ultrapure Ar at 900 °C for 5 hT = 50 °C, CNO2=500   ppm, 1.2 L/min75.34Gao et al. [20]
AC, pine sawdust pelletsCO2 activation at 800 °C for 90 minRoom temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min
Dry conditions
Wet conditions, moist air (70%)
18.6
45.3
Nowicki and Pietrzak [22]
AC/Polish bituminous coalPyrolyzed at 700 °C
KOH at 700 °C
Room temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min
Dry conditions
Wet conditions, moist air (70%)
25.5
43.5
Pietrzak [19]
AC/Walnut shellPyrolyzed at 700 °C
KOH activation at 800 °C
Room temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min, dry conditions
66.3
Nowicki et al. [23]
AC/Walnut shellPyrolyzed at 700 °C
CO2 activation at 800 °C
58.1Nowicki et al. [23]
Wood-based activated carbon BAX–1500Copper impregnation
 + heat treatment at 950 °C
 + hydrazine reduction
Room temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min, dry conditions121
206
Levasseur et al. [27]
Wood-based activated carbon BAX–1500Urea impregnation and heat treatment at 950 °CRoom temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min
Dry conditions
Wet conditions, moist air (70%)
66
140
Bashkova and Bandosz [24]
Wood-based activated carbon BAX–15002.3% Na, 10% Ce, or 10% La impregnationRoom temperature; 0.1% NO2, 0.450 L/min
Dry condition
283/215/143Kante et al. [14]
Wood-based activated carbonBAX150, heat treatment (950 °C)0.1% NO2, tr = 0.4 s
Moist air (70% Humidity)
139.6Pietzrak and Bandosz [28]
BAX150, Impregnation with inorganic species, heat treatment (950 °C)0.1% NO2, tr = 0.4 s
Wet air (moisture of 70%)
66.0Pietzrak and Bandosz [28]

As many developing countries, Tunisia is concerned with the increase of NOx emissions into the atmosphere due to several industrial activities and the throwing out of the urban traffic. Hence, starting from July 2010 in Bab Aliwa (Tunis), the daily average exceeds the limit value according to limit values NT 106.04 (source: “Agence nationale de protection de l’environnement” [ANPE]).

Therefore, a possible solution is to develop a specific efficient activated carbon from a local precursor. In order to reach this objective, an evaluation of the performance of the activated carbon prepared from a local raw material, namely olive stones, is performed. Several studies have used activated carbon from olive stones in many processes, either as catalyst support or as an adsorbent in liquid phase, e.g. for the removal of phenol, methylene blue and dyes from aqueous solutions [29]. Moreover, these activated carbons were effectively used as the adsorption material for gas storage, such as that of methane [30,31]. Hence, the purpose of this work is to develop for the first time an efficient carbonaceous adsorbent from olive stones by water vapor activation for the removal of NO2. The effects of operating conditions such as temperature and inlet gas composition on the adsorption performance of the activated carbon are also analyzed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Precursor characterization

Olive stones (OS) were used as a raw precursor in this present study. They are a by-product of Tunisian olive oil factories. The elemental composition of the olive stones shown in Table 2 was determined by CHONS-NA 2100 protein CE instruments analyzer.

Table 2

Elementary analysis of olive stones (dry basis).

ElementCHNSOaAsh
Content (%wt)43.17.10.40.847.41.8

a Value obtained by difference.

2.2 Activated carbon preparation

The activated carbon was prepared from olive stones. The precursor was washed with deionized water to remove the impurities, and then dried. Drying is realized at room temperature for 24 h. The preparation process of activated carbon consists in the carbonization of the olive stone under nitrogen atmosphere followed by physical activation using water vapor. This physical process applied to the olive stones precursor was studied and optimized by Ouederni et al. [32].

Carbonization and activation steps were carried out in a fixed bed reactor in a stainless steel reactor placed in a vertical automated furnace equipped with a temperature controller, with an initial mass of biomass equal to 2 g.

Carbonization was performed in the presence of a continuous flow of purified nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 10 nL/h. The precursor is heated from room temperature to 600 °C (5 °C/min) and maintained at this final temperature during 60 min. The activation of the obtained char is then realized at 750 °C (the ramp used is 15 °C/min) under 70 vol. % H2O in N2 during 360 min, with a total gas flow rate equal to 10 NL/h. An activated carbon referred to as OSAC_PW360 was obtained with a global yield of 25% wt.

2.3 Activated carbon characterization

2.3.1 Pore structure and morphology characterization

The characterization of the textural properties of the activated carbon was carried out by measurement of N2 adsorption at 77 K using a Micromeritics (ASAP 2020) gas adsorption analyzer, after outgassing the sample for 16 h at 623 K. The specific surface area was calculated from the N2 adsorption isotherms applying the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation and yielded important information about structural features. The t-plot method was applied to calculate the micropore surface area and the micropore volume. The pore size distribution of the micropores was determined by the Horvath–Kawazoe method.

Scanning electron microscopy (Philips model FEI model Quanta 400 SEM) and energy dispersive X–ray spectrometry (EDX) were used to observe the morphology and to determine the elemental analysis of the activated carbons, which allowed us to determine the elemental mapping of the samples.

2.3.2 Characterization of carbon surface chemistry

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the main functional groups of the activated carbon surface using a FTIR spectrometer (Jasco FTIR 4100 series spectrophotometer with a diffuse reflectance accessory manufactured by PIKE Technologies); samples of activated carbon were mixed with finely divided spectroscopic-grade KBr. All the spectra were recorded at a spectral resolution of 16 cm−1 using a minimum of 30 scans.

Qualitative and quantitative information concerning the functionalities of the carbon surface was assessed by temperature-programmed desorption coupled with spectrometry (TPD–MS). The sample weighting 10 mg was placed in a quartz tube in a furnace and heat–treated with a linear heating rate of 5 °C/min in vacuum. The carbon surface chemistry was evaluated in the temperature range 25–900 °C using a homemade TPD–MS setup [33].

The gases that evolved during the heating process (CO, CO2, H2 and H2O) were continuously analyzed by a mass spectrometer. The desorption rate of each gas as a function of temperature was determined from TPD analysis. Prior to the measurements, the mass spectrometer was calibrated with N2, CO, CO2, H2, and H2O. The total amount of each gas released was computed by time integration of the TPD curves.

In addition to TPD–MS and FTIR analyses, the surface oxide functional groups were determined by the Boehm method [34].

2.4 NO2 adsorption tests

NO2 adsorption experiments were performed in a fixed bed reactor, shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Scheme of the setup for the fixed bed experiments.

In each experiment, 100 mg of activated carbon is deposited on a fused silica frit placed in a vertical quartz reactor (with an internal diameter of 6 mm). The bed temperature is measured by a thermocouple located 1 mm above the activated carbon (AC) sample. A gas stream mixture of NO2 (500 ppm by volume), with various percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide in nitrogen, at different temperatures, is injected and passes through the column of the adsorbent. A constant gas flow rate of 20 NL·h−1 is fixed by Brooks 5850 mass flow controllers. The outlet NO and NO2 as well as CO and CO2 gas concentrations are continuously measured by a Rosemount NGA 2000 device. The outlet gas composition is recorded every 2 s.

After exposure of the sample to the NO2 flow, the reactor was cooled down to room temperature and TPD was performed up to 600 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The obtained curves showed the peaks assigned to the decomposition of each component adsorbed on the activated carbon. The gas composition was recorded every 2 s.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Adsorbents characterization

3.1.1 SEM–EDX characterization

Scanning electron micrographs of activated carbon particles are displayed in Fig. 2. The activated carbon shows a high and a heterogeneous macroporosity on the surface, with pore sizes between 10 to less than 1 μm. The different EDX analyzes performed on different particles also show that the surface is recovered by located mineral particles (clear small particles on the SEM micrograph) corresponding to Ca, which is consequently separated from the carbon structure.

Fig. 2

SEM observation of an olive stone char particle after activation with water vapor at 750 °C: presence of C, K, Ca and O, and of small amounts of Na, Mg, P, S and Si.

At the opposite, K, Si, Mg, Na, S and P are detected all over the surface of the different particles observed, which induces an occlusion in the carbon structure of the activated carbon. K and Si are the main mineral products present in the carbon structure, while Mg, Na, S and P are present at lower concentrations. All these mineral impurities are initially present in raw materials where the ashes content is 1.8 wt. %.

3.1.2 Adsorption of nitrogen

The textural properties of the activated carbon are reported in Table 3. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are shown in Fig. 3. The relatively high values of the specific surface area and of the micropores’ volume prove that the activation of olive stones with water vapor leads to an activated carbon characterized by a well-developed porous structure where micropores predominate.

Table 3

Textural properties of the activated carbon.

LabelSBET (m2/g)Vmicropores (cm3/g)Vmesopores (cm3/g)
OSAC_PW3608070.300.41
Fig. 3

Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of activated carbon OSAC_PW360.

A micropore volume of 0.30 cm3/g is estimated by the t-plot method, as well as a surface area of 807 m2/g. These textural results confirm the characteristics measured previously for the same AC [32]. These properties offer a good potential for the activated carbon to adsorb high amounts of small molecules.

While SEM characterizations indicate that the activated carbon presents a high surface rugosity and also macropores, nitrogen adsorption experiments reveal the presence of microporosity and mesoporosity from the isotherm type (Fig. 3). Indeed the presence of a hysteresis loop also proves the presence of a mesoporosity that is not well defined in the material, according to the form of the hysteresis loop. The capillary condensation could take place in a non-rigid structure, due to the presence of aggregates in the activated carbon.

3.1.3 FTIR analysis

The interpretation of the FTIR spectra is based on the chemical structure of olive stones and the different stages of the pyrolysis process. The main components of the olive stones are hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Contrary to the other polymers, lignin has an aromatic character. Fig. 4 illustrates the FTIR spectrum of OSAC_PW360 sample. This spectrum presents mainly two stretching peaks, the first located at 879 cm−1, which can be attributed to C–H bending and the second located at 1462 cm−1 assigned to the aromatic ring stretching. Otherwise, a large band located between 1100 cm−1 and 1300 cm−1 was assigned to C–O, present in the aromatic rings. A second band between 3020 and 3300 corresponds to the C–H stretching. The spectrum of the sample shows the absence of significant peaks for the bands corresponding to O–H, CO and C–O–C groups. This behavior suggests that the activated carbon is mainly an aromatic polymer of carbon atoms.

Fig. 4

FTIR spectra of activated carbon OSAC_PW360.

3.1.4 TPD–MS Analysis

The type and quantities of oxygenated groups present on the carbon surface are key factors for adsorption-related phenomena, as they can play an important role in the interactions with the adsorbed molecules [33,35].

Thus, the activated carbon surface functionality was analyzed by the TPD–MS technique and the desorption rates of each gas evolved during the thermal treatment is plotted versus temperature, as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

(Color online.) H2, H2O, CO and CO2 desorption rates as a function of the applied temperature during a TPD–MS analysis of OSAC_PW360 activated carbon.

During the heating of the activated carbon, the decomposition of the functional oxygenated groups occurs, leading to the formation of gases such as CO and CO2. The type of COx groups released and their temperature give an indication about their nature. Typically, the CO2 derives from carboxyl or anhydride groups, while CO from carbonyl, ether, and quinone groups [36].

For the activated carbon, an intense and large peak of CO is observed at high desorption temperatures (500–900 °C), suggesting the existence of basic or neutral functional oxygenated groups stable at high temperatures such as ethers, phenols, and quinones [35–37].

Conversely, the CO2 peak specific to acidic groups has a significant lower intensity than the CO peak. However, the small peak detected is located in a large temperature interval (100–800 °C) and two desorption peaks can be distinguished around 350 °C and 650 °C, indicating the presence of carboxyl and anhydride groups [33,37,38].

Beside CO and CO2 desorption, peaks related to water and H2 are also detected. The water profile exhibits two small peaks (100 and 350 °C) and a very intense one placed around 700 °C. The first peak can be assigned to physisorbed water, and the second one to chemisorbed water. The peak at 350 °C could be an indication of water desorbed due to the dehydration reactions of neighbor hydroxyl groups, leading to the formation of anhydrides, which decompose at higher temperature to CO and CO2. The more intense peak from 700 °C can be assigned to the chemisorbed water induced by the activation with the water steam at 750 °C. Furthermore, a great peak of hydrogen is observed at high temperature (∼800 °C), which is typical for the cleavage of the C–H bonds.

The integration of the desorption peaks (between 25 and 950 °C) allows us to quantify the amounts of oxygenated groups as showed in Table 4. According to Table 4, which reports the total amount of CO, CO2, H2 and H2O desorbed, the amount of CO evolved is higher than CO2, in good agreement with the desorption profiles intensity. The water quantity is comparable to that of CO, while the H2 quantity is five times superior to the other desorbed groups. This can be also ascribed to the lower thermal treatment temperature of the activated carbon (750 °C) than the one used for the TPD–MS measurements (900 °C). In this case, the reorganization of carbon from structural point of view takes place in situ during the TPD–MS experiment.

Table 4

Amount of CO, CO2, H2O and H2 obtained by integration of the TPD–MS peaks for activated carbon.

MaterialCO (mmol/g)CO2 (mmol/g)H2O (mmol/g)H2 (mmol/g)
OSAC_PW3601.250.391.066.76

3.1.5 Surface group analysis

Volumetric analysis by the Boehm method was used to quantify the principal acidic and basic surface groups. The results confirm that our activated carbon contains essentially basic groups, and the total basicity is 1.86 mmol/g; however, the total acidity is 0.42 mmol/g.

The isolectric point pHpzs was determined in aqueous solution and found to be 10.8. All these values have been obtained in water suspensions and they have more importance in wet processes, but these pieces of information give important tools in adsorption processes, even in the gas phase.

3.2 Adsorption tests

3.2.1 Adsorption of NO2 on activated carbon

Fig. 6 shows the outlet concentrations of NO and NO2 recorded during the exposure of 500 ppm NO2 to 100 mg of OSAC_PW360 at ambient temperature. The NOx curve represents the sum of NO and NO2. This typical result was already observed for various carbonaceous materials [8,9,20].

Fig. 6

(Color online.) Outlet concentrations of NO2, NO and NOx during the adsorption of 500 ppm NO2 on OSAC-PW360 at room temperature.

During the first instant of the adsorption test, a sharp increase of NO emission was observed, reaching a constant value of 200 ppm, until NO2 appeared from the reactor 500 s later when NO started decreasing. In the first 500 s, it is evident that N and O species were adsorbed on the activated carbon. Hence, the emission of NO suggests that oxygen is partly fixed on the carbon surface in the form of surface complexes. The comparison of the NOx curve with the NO2 inlet concentration shows that a significant amount of NO2 is adsorbed on the activated carbon surface. Moreover, the analysis of the evolution of the ratio between the NO emitted and the adsorbed NO2 shows that the obtained values ranged from 0.47 to 0.7 during the first 4000 s. Such values confirmed that NO2 may adsorb directly on the oxygenated surface groups of the activated carbon surface or on the oxygen complexes formed during the reduction of NO2 into NO.

The nitrogen/oxygen balance shows that, during the adsorption test, 2.85 mmol/g of NO2 were adsorbed on the carbon surface, while 2.0 mmol/g of O were deposited on the activated carbon surface. The discrepancy between both values confirms that NO2 may adsorb two different adsorption sites, i.e., on the oxygen surface functional groups obtained during physical activation or on the oxygen surface formed by NO2 reduction. From these values, the obtained NO2 adsorption capacity is 131 mg/g and the NO/NO2 ratio is equal to 0.7. The NO2 adsorption capacity of OSAC_PW360 is higher than the values found in the literature for an activated carbon prepared from lignocellulosic biomass by CO2 physical activation or by KOH chemical activation [17,22,23]. Although a higher specific area and microporous volume were obtained for activated carbon prepared from walnut shell by KOH chemical activation compared to OSAC_PW360, NO2 adsorption capacity is higher for the latter activated carbon. Consequently, the microporous volume in activated carbon is not the most important parameter for NO2 adsorption. Such results indicate that the chemical character of the activated carbons surface may play an important role in the interaction of the AC with nitrogen dioxide. In particular, Pietzrak identified a correlation between the sorption capacities with the adsorbent basicity. Hence, the basic character of OSAC_PW360 highlighted by the TPD–MS analysis may explain the increase of NO2 adsorption capacities. Moreover, previous investigations on the surface oxide functional groups estimated by Boehm method showed that the OSAC_PW360 contains a higher content of surface oxygen basic groups (1.86 mmol/g) [32]. This latter value may explain the higher adsorption capacity for OSAC_PW360 compared to activated carbon prepared from sawdust pellets. In fact, Pietzrak found a NO2 adsorption capacity of 43.1 mg/g for an activated carbon containing 0.72 mmol/g of surface oxygen basic groups. This hypothesis is also confirmed by the results of Nowicki et al. during NO2 removal using an activated carbon prepared by KOH chemical and CO2 physical wastes from coffee industry [17]. These authors found a NO2 adsorption capacity of 44.5 mg/g for an activated carbon containing 0.9 mmol/g of surface oxygen basic groups. In contrast, Nowicki et al. found a lower adsorption capacity for the physical CO2 activated carbon although a higher amount of basic groups are present (11.32 mmol/g). Such results may be attributed to the absence of micropores. Hence, one may conclude that both micropores and surface oxygen basic groups play an important role in NO2 adsorption on the activated carbon.

At the end of the adsorption test, a temperature-programmed desorption analysis was performed under a nitrogen flow by heating the sample from room temperature to 600 °C at a 5 °C/min heating rate. NO2, NO, CO2 and CO emissions were recorded as a function of temperature and shown in Fig. 7. The obtained results are compared with the results obtained during the TPD–MS analysis in order to assess the different species formed on the activated carbon surface.

Fig. 7

(Color online.) NO2, NO, CO and CO2 desorption rates as a function of the applied temperature during a TPD of OSAC_PW360 activated carbon after exposure to 500 ppm NO2.

During TPD experiments, several peaks at different temperature intervals were observed. Such behavior confirms that various surface groups are formed during the adsorption of NO2. Fig. 7 shows that NO2 desorption occurred earlier, starting from 25 °C and finishing at 200 °C. Two NO2 desorption peaks were observed at 68 °C and 93 °C, respectively. This indicates a weak interaction (physisorption) between the carbon surface and NO2. NO desorption started later than that of NO2 at temperatures close to 50 °C. The NO desorption curve may be divided into three steps. A first step occurred between 50 and 200 °C with a desorption peak at 120 °C. A second step of NO desorption consisted of a shoulder occurring between 200 and 390 °C. The last step consisted also of a shoulder with a low desorption rate occurring between 390 and 500 °C.

In a similar way, the CO2 desorption curve may be divided into three zones. A first step occurred between 30 and 190 °C, characterized by a shoulder at 68 °C and a peak at 102 °C. This step was not observed during the TPD–MS analysis of the activated carbon before NO2 treatment. The second zone of CO2 desorption occurred in a large temperature interval between 190 °C and 500 °C. This decomposition step was already observed during TPD–MS analysis, but at a lower desorption rate. The third decomposition step, already observed in our TPD–MS analysis, occurred above 500 °C.

The CO desorption curve may be divided into two steps. A first step, not observed during TPD–MS analysis, between 30 and 200 °C occurred at a low desorption rate. Above 200 °C, a second step, characterized by a continuous increase of the desorption rate, is observed.

In order to assess the different surface groups during NO2 adsorption, the curves of the various emitted gas are compared. Hence, it is observed that the first peak of NO2 occurred simultaneously with the CO2 shoulder. Therefore, in addition to the physisorbed NO2, a decomposition of the –C(O2NO2) complex occurs at lower temperatures according to:

CO2NO2CO2+NO2(1)

Such a surface group was already mentioned by Shirahama et al. [8]. Moreover, the second peak of NO2 occurred simultaneously with a CO peak that indicates the decomposition of a small amount of –C(ONO2) complex according to:

CONO2CO+NO2(2)

The analysis of the amount emitted between 80 and 200 °C showed 83 μmol/g of CO, 321 μmol/g of CO2 and 406 μmol/g of NO. Hence, the amount of NO emitted is very close to the sum of CO and CO2 amounts. Therefore, below 200 °C, the following reactions occurred:

CONO2CO2+NO2(3)
CONOCO+NO(4)

These reactions also occurred between 200 and 390 °C. However, the difference between the sum of CO and CO2 emitted amounts (CO = 152 μmol/g, CO2 = 412 μmol/g) and NO emitted (NO = 250 μmol/g) is higher than the amount of CO and CO2 during the TPD–MS analysis in the same temperature interval (CO = 66 μmol/g, CO2 = 115 μmol/g). Such calculations showed that some carboxyl and anhydrides groups are formed from the interaction of NO2 with the activated carbon surface [33,37,38].

Above 390 °C, CO2 desorption occurred from the decomposition of lactone and anhydride groups, while CO desorption occurred from the decomposition of ether, phenol and quinone groups. These different groups were initially present in the activated carbon surface or formed during the interaction of NO2 with OSAC_PW360.

3.2.2 Effect of the inlet gas composition on the activated carbon–NO2 interaction

In order to understand the effect of oxygen in the adsorption mechanism of NO2 on activated carbon, adsorption tests were performed in the presence of 500 ppm of NO2 and different concentrations of oxygen (0, 10, 15 and 20% vol.). Fig. 8a and b show NO, NO2 and NOx outlet concentrations as a function of time.

Fig. 8

(Color online.) a. Outlet concentrations of NO2 and NO during NO2 adsorption on OSAC-PW360 in the presence of different oxygen concentrations. b. Outlet concentrations of NOx during NO2 adsorption on OSAC-PW360 in the presence of different oxygen concentrations.

Fig. 8a and b show that the shape of NO and NO2 curves are quite similar for the different tested oxygen concentrations. However, it is clearly shown that the addition of oxygen leads to the decrease of NO2 reduction into NO. Moreover, comparison of the adsorbed NO2 through NOx curves in Fig. 8b shows that increase in oxygen amount induces an increase in the amount of NO2 adsorbed during the first 1750 s. Above 1750 s, the amount of NO2 adsorbed in the absence of oxygen increases and reaches the same value as in the presence of oxygen in the inlet gas. The calculated NO2 adsorption capacities and NO/NO2ads ratios are displayed in Table 5 for different inlet gas compositions.

Table 5

NO2 adsorption capacities and NO/NO2ads ratio observed during the adsorption of NO2 with different concentrations of O2.

Operating conditionsNO2 adsorption capacity (mg NO2/g)Ratio NO/NO2ads
500 ppm NO2131.10.68
500 ppm NO2 + 10% O2130.10.47
500 ppm NO2 + 15% O2129.80.38
500 ppm NO2 + 20% O2130.80.31

Table 5 shows that the adsorption capacities are not significantly affected by the presence of oxygen. However, it is evident that the amount of NO emitted decreases when increasing O2 inlet concentration.

Due to the presence of CO2 in the exhaust gas of several industrial flues containing NO2, the effect of the presence of 10% CO2 on the adsorption performance of OSAC_PW360 is examined. Fig. 9 shows a comparison between the NOx concentrations for different inlet gas compositions.

Fig. 9

(Color online.) Effect of the presence of 10% CO2 on the adsorption of NO2 on OSAC-PW360 at room temperature.

Fig. 9 shows different behaviors on the NOx profiles. Hence, during the first 1500 s, the adsorbed amount of NO2 is higher in the presence of 10% O2 than in the presence of 10% CO2. One can note also that, during this first period, quite similar NOx profiles for the adsorption test in the presence of 500 ppm NO2 and 500 ppm NO2/10% CO2. However, above 1500 s, there is no significant difference between both outlet gas compositions in the presence of 10% O2 or 10% CO2. Therefore, NO2 adsorption capacity decreases slightly from 131.1 mg/g in the presence of 500 ppm NO2 to 120.9 mg/g in the presence of 500 ppm NO2–10% CO2. Moreover, it is observed that the presence of CO2 inhibits the reduction of NO2 into NO and the NO/NO2ads ratio decreases from 0.68 to 0.54.

3.2.3 Effect of the temperature on the activated carbon–NO2 interaction

The effect of the temperature on the NO2 adsorption was examined. Hence, the adsorption test was performed with 500 ppm NO2 at 50 °C. The comparison between outlet NO and NO2 concentrations at 50 °C and ambient temperature is shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10

(Color online.) Effect of the temperature on the outlet concentrations of NO2 and NO during the adsorption of NO2 on OSAC-PW360.

It is clearly shown that increasing the inlet gas temperature leads to a significant decrease in the adsorbed NO2 amount. However, an increase of the emitted NO is observed. Hence, NO2 adsorption capacity decreases from 131.1 mg/g at 20 °C to 79.8 mg/g at 50 °C. The latter value is close to that obtained by Guo et al. during the adsorption of 500 ppm NO2 on a commercial activated carbon at 50 °C [20]. In contrast, a temperature rise leads to an increase of NO emission and therefore the ratio NO/NO2ads increases from 0.68 to 0.94.

4 Conclusion

The aim of this research was to investigate the performance of an activated carbon, prepared from olive stones, on NO2 adsorption. Hence, physical activation of olive stones by water vapor was performed at 750 °C for 360 min. Adsorption of nitrogen, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and temperature-programmed desorption coupled with mass spectroscopy (TPD–MS) were used for the characterization of the texture, the morphology and the surface chemistry of the activated carbon. NO2 adsorption tests were performed for different inlet gas compositions and temperatures.

Characterization analysis shows that a porous material is obtained with a surface area of 807 m2/g and a microporous volume of 0.30 cm3/g. However, a heterogeneous macroporosity was observed with pore sizes between 10 to less than 1 μm. EDX analysis shows the presence of Ca on the surface separated from the carbon structure while K, Si, Mg, Na, S and P are blocked in the carbon structure. TPD–MS and FTIR analyses show the presence of different surface groups on the activated carbon such as carboxyl, anhydride carbonyl, ether and quinone groups.

The NO2 adsorption tests show that the developed activated carbon has interesting adsorption capacities higher than the different activated carbon available in the literature and generally prepared from lignocellulosic biomass by KOH chemical and CO2 physical activations (without doped metals). It was observed that the NO2 adsorption capacity is not only related to the microporosity, but also to its surface functional groups. The oxygenated surface groups initially present or formed by NO2 reduction may play a significant role in the interaction mechanism of NO2 with the activated carbon. Moreover, physisorbed water may also have an important role for NO2 adsorption. However, further investigations are necessary to identify the contribution of each activated carbon characteristics as well as the type of oxygen groups that is more beneficial to NO2 adsorption abilities.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Mrs. Damaris Kehrli (laboratoire “Gestion des risques et environnement”) and to Mr. Yassine Elmay (Institut de science des matériaux de Mulhouse) for carrying out some experiments.


Bibliographie

[1] S. Sillman Atmos. Environ., 33 (1999), pp. 1821-1845

[2] S. Matsumoto Catal. Today, 29 (1996), pp. 43-45

[3] G. Busca; L. Lietti; G. Ramis; F. Berti Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 18 (1998), pp. 1-36

[4] G. Madia; M. Koebel; M. Elsener; A. Wokaun Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41 (2002), pp. 4008-4015

[5] Y. Liu; Y. Zheng; M.P. Harold; D. Luss Appl. Catal. B, 132 (2013), pp. 293-303

[6] B. Levasseur; A.M. Ebrahim; T.J. Bandosz J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 377 (2012), pp. 347-354

[7] B. Levasseur; A.M. Ebrahim; J. Burress; T.J. Bandosz J. Hazard. Mater., 197 (2011), pp. 294-303

[8] M. Jeguirim; V. Tschamber; J.-F. Brilhac; P. Ehrburger J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 72 (2004), pp. 171-181

[9] C.J. Tighe; M.V. Twigg; A.N. Hayhurst; J.S. Dennis Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50 (2011), pp. 10480-10492

[10] B. Azambre; S. Collura; M.J. Trichard; J.V. Weber Appl Surf Sci., 253 (2006), pp. 2296-2303

[11] N. Shirahama; S.H. Moon; K.H. Choi; T. Enjoji; S. Kawano; Y. Korai; M. Tanoura; I. Mochida Carbon, 40 (2002), pp. 2605-2611

[12] Y. Kong; Y.C.Y. Cha Carbon, 34 (1996), pp. 1027-1033

[13] N.J. Krou; I. Batonneau-Gener; T. Belin; S. Mignard; M. Horgnies; I. Dubois-Brugger Cement Concrete Res., 53 (2013), pp. 51-58

[14] K. Kante; E. Deliyanni; T.J. Bandosz J. Hazard. Mater., 165 (2009), pp. 704-713

[15] S. Bashkova; D. Deoki; T.J. Bandosz J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 354 (2011), pp. 331-340

[16] P. Nowicki; H. Wachowska; R. Pietrzak J. Hazard. Mater., 181 (2010), pp. 1088-1094

[17] P. Nowicki; P. Skibiszewska; R. Pietrzak Adsorption, 19 (2013), pp. 521-528

[18] W.J. Zhang; A. Bagreev; F. Rasouli Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47 (2008), pp. 4358-4362

[19] R. Pietrzak Energy Fuels, 23 (2009), pp. 3617-3624

[20] X. Gao; S. Liu; Y. Zhang; Z. Luo; M. Ni; K. Cen Fuel Process. Technol., 92 (2011), pp. 139-146

[21] R. Pietrzak Bioresour Technol., 101 (2010), pp. 907-913

[22] P. Nowicki; R. Pietrzak Bioresour. Technol., 101 (2010), pp. 5802-5807

[23] P. Nowicki; R. Pietrzak; H. Wachowska Catal. Today, 150 (2010), pp. 107-114

[24] S. Bashkova; T.J. Bandosz J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 333 (2009), pp. 97-103

[25] M. Jeguirim; V. Tschamber; J.-F. Brilhac; P. Ehrburger Fuel, 84 (2005), pp. 1949-1956

[26] M. Jeguirim; V. Tschamber; J.-F. Brilhac Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 41 (2009), pp. 236-244

[27] B. Levasseur; E. Gonzalez-Lopez; J.A. Rossin; T.J. Bandosz Langmuir, 27 (2011), pp. 5354-5365

[28] R. Pietrzak; T.J. Bandosz Carbon, 45 (2007), pp. 2537-2546

[29] N. Soudani; S. Souissi-Najar; A. Ouederni Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 21 (2013), pp. 1425-1430

[30] W. Djeridi; A. Ouederni; A.D. Wiersum; P.L. Llewellyn; L. ElMir Mater. Lett., 99 (2013), pp. 184-187

[31] I.A.A.C. Esteves; M.S.S. Lopes; P.M.C. Nunes; J.P.B. Mota Sep. Purif. Technol., 62 (2008), pp. 281-296

[32] A. Ouederni; S. Souissi-Najar; A. Ratel Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat., 31 (2006), pp. 151-167

[33] C. Matei Ghimbeu; R. Gadiou; J. Dentzer; D. Schwartz; C. Vix-Guterl Langmuir, 24 (2010), pp. 18824-18833

[34] H.P. Boehm Carbon, 32 (1994), pp. 759-769

[35] C. Matei Ghimbeu; C. Decaux; P. Brender; M. Dahbi; D. Lemordant; E. Raymundo-Pinero; M. Anouti; F. Beguin; C. Vix-Guterl J. Electrochem. Soc., 160 (2013), p. A1907-A1915

[36] J.L. Figueiredo; M.F.R. Pereira; M.M.A. Freitas; J.J.M. Órfão Carbon, 37 (1999), pp. 1379-1389

[37] C. Matei Ghimbeu; R. Gadiou; J. Dentzer; L. Vidal; C. Vix-Guterl Adsorption, 17 (2011), pp. 227-233

[38] V. Ruiz; C. Blanco; E. Raymundo-Piñero; V. Khomenko; F. Béguin; R. Santamaria Electrochim. Acta, 52 (2007), pp. 4969-4973


Cité par

  • Yuying Wang; Tianqi Wang; Qinfen Gu; Jin Shang Adsorption Removal of NO2 Under Low‐Temperature and Low‐Concentration Conditions: A Review of Adsorbents and Adsorption Mechanisms, Advanced Materials, Volume 37 (2025) no. 5 | DOI:10.1002/adma.202401623
  • Abdelaziz Ounas; Imad Rabichi; Zaina Izghri; Abdelaziz Baçaoui; Abdelrani Yaacoubi Key factors influencing the activation process of olive residue-derived activated carbons, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (2025) | DOI:10.1007/s13399-025-06708-0
  • Kawthar Alqudaihi; Balqees Alrwaily; Banin Alzawad; Mahshab Sheraz; Mukarram Zubair; Zeeshan Arshad; Ijaz Hussain; Md Abdul Aziz; Nadeem Baig Advances in Biomass‐Derived Carbon Materials: Production, Functionalization, and Applications for Contaminant Removal, Chemistry – An Asian Journal (2025) | DOI:10.1002/asia.202500445
  • Amina Bedoui; Hanen Nouri; Mouzaina Boutaieb; Riheb Ghouil; Beatriz Ledesma; Maria Alonso; Silvia Roman; Monia Guiza Hydrothermal carbonization of date palm pits and pine nut shells: fuel characteristics of hydrochar, and surface characteristics and adsorption application of activated hydrochar, Comptes Rendus. Chimie, Volume 27 (2025) no. S3, p. 161 | DOI:10.5802/crchim.366
  • Bénédicte Réty; Hui-Yi Yiin; Camélia Matei Ghimbeu Quantification of activated carbon functional groups and active surface area by TPD-MS and their impact on supercapacitor performance, Energy Storage Materials, Volume 74 (2025), p. 103963 | DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103963
  • Tereza Longaray Rodrigues; Fernanda Pedroso Guterres; Elenara Oliveira da Silva; Emanuelle Burato de Araújo; Gabriela Silveira da Rosa; André Ricardo Felkl de Almeida Development of an eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent from Red-Angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan) residues: Application for the removal of methylene blue, Next Materials, Volume 6 (2025), p. 100331 | DOI:10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100331
  • K. Muthu Kumar In-situ gasification-activation system with staged oxidizer supply for generation of activated carbon and intrinsic hydrogen rich by-product gas from coconut shells, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Volume 14 (2024) no. 11, p. 12055 | DOI:10.1007/s13399-024-05531-3
  • Yihang Hou; Yuhang Chen; Xinhua He; Fumei Wang; Qi Cai; Boxiong Shen Insights into the adsorption of CO2, SO2 and NOx in flue gas by carbon materials: A critical review, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 490 (2024), p. 151424 | DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2024.151424
  • Ashraf M. Al-Msiedeen; Rasheed M.A.Q. Jamhour; Aseel S. Al-Soud; Firas Khalil Al-Zeidaneen; Shadi A. Alnaanah; Albara Ibrahim Alrawashdeh; Mustafa J.A. Abualreish; Samer Alawaideh; Jameel S.Aljariri Alhesan Powdered Opuntia ficus-indica as an effective adsorbent for the removal of phenol and 2-nitrophenol from wastewater: Experimental and theoretical studies, Desalination and Water Treatment, Volume 320 (2024), p. 100859 | DOI:10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100859
  • Zineb Raihani; Rachid Chikri; Soumaya Talbi; Najat Elhadiri; Souad Rabi Performance of olive pomace as an alternative adsorbent pharmaceutical contaminant removal from water. A review, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (2024), p. 1 | DOI:10.1080/03067319.2024.2368265
  • Bangfu Huang; Wanjun Li; Zhe Shi; Linjing Yang; Zhenjing Wen; Gaoyong Zi; Liubin Luo Effect of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Air Activation on the Low-Temperature Ammonia Removal Performance of Activated Carbon during Nitric Oxide Removal, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 150 (2024) no. 4 | DOI:10.1061/joeedu.eeeng-7418
  • Carlos G. Díaz-Maroto; Francisco Verdugo; Jose Fermoso; Patricia Pizarro; David P. Serrano; Inés Moreno; Javier Fermoso Hydrochars derived from real organic wastes as carbonaceous precursors of activated carbons for the removal of NO from contaminated gas streams, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 945 (2024), p. 173897 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173897
  • Adeela Rehman; Ghazanfar Nazir; Kwang Heo; Sajjad Hussain; Muhammad Ikram; Zareen Akhter; Mohammed M. Algaradah; Qasim Mahmood; Ahmed M. Fouda A focused review on lignocellulosic biomass-derived porous carbons for effective pharmaceuticals removal: Current trends, challenges and future prospects, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 330 (2024), p. 125356 | DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125356
  • Silvi Rahmawati Wibowo; Viona Lidya Haryati Putri; Nandang Mufti; Aripriharta Aripriharta; Markus Diantoro; Eprilia Trikusuma Sari Electrochemical Performance of Activated Carbon-NiCo2O4 as Candidate for Supercapacitor Electrode Materials, Solid State Phenomena, Volume 363 (2024), p. 119 | DOI:10.4028/p-n2dul3
  • José Ferreira Lustosa Filho; Ana Paula Ferreira da Silva; Silvana Teixeira Costa; Hélder Teixeira Gomes; Tomás de Figueiredo; Zulimar Hernández Biochars Derived from Olive Mill Byproducts: Typology, Characterization, and Eco-Efficient Application in Agriculture—A Systematic Review, Sustainability, Volume 16 (2024) no. 12, p. 5004 | DOI:10.3390/su16125004
  • Ali Rahmat; Hidayat; Kiki Kurniawan; Hari Hariadi; Latifa Nuraini; Aldiano Rahmadya; Hendra Prasetia; Muhammad Nurtanto; Usep Suhendar, THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF LIGNOCELLULOSE, Volume 2973 (2024), p. 040006 | DOI:10.1063/5.0184401
  • Chung-Hsuan Hsiao; Shivam Gupta; Chi-Young Lee; Nyan-Hwa Tai Effects of physical and chemical activations on the performance of biochar applied in supercapacitors, Applied Surface Science, Volume 610 (2023), p. 155560 | DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155560
  • Syeda Ramsha Ali; Mian Muhammad Faisal; K.C. Sanal Carbon from Pre‐Treated Biomass, Biomass‐Based Supercapacitors (2023), p. 121 | DOI:10.1002/9781119866435.ch8
  • Haiyang Tao; Yingshu Liu; Jinjuan Li; Chuanzhao Zhang; Chunyu Zhao; Xiong Yang; Ralph T. Yang; Ziyi Li Oxidative adsorption mechanism-based screening of zeolites for deep purification and recycling of NOx from humid gases, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 475 (2023), p. 146148 | DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2023.146148
  • Derya Akbulut; Sara Pakseresht; Tugrul Cetinkaya; Ali Osman Kurt Carbon electrodes supported with nickel oxide derived from olive pits for Li O2 air cathode, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 136 (2023), p. 109970 | DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2023.109970
  • Fahmida Parvin; Nahin Mostofa Niloy; Md. Morshedul Haque; Shafi M. Tareq Activated carbon as potential material for heavy metals removal from wastewater, Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Toxic Metals from Wastewater (2023), p. 117 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-822880-7.00005-4
  • A. Vakili; A.A. Zinatizadeh; Z. Rahimi; S. Zinadini; P. Mohammadi; S. Azizi; A. Karami; M. Abdulgader The impact of activation temperature and time on the characteristics and performance of agricultural waste-based activated carbons for removing dye and residual COD from wastewater, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 382 (2023), p. 134899 | DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134899
  • Carlos G. Díaz-Maroto; Blanca Sáenz de Miera; Laura Collado; Jose Fermoso; Ondřej Mašek; Patricia Pizarro; David P. Serrano; Inés Moreno; Javier Fermoso Removal of NO at low concentration from air in urban built environments by activated miscanthus biochar, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 336 (2023), p. 117610 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117610
  • Yingshu Liu; Haiyang Tao; Xiong Yang; Xiaoyong Wu; Jinjuan Li; Chuanzhao Zhang; Ralph T. Yang; Ziyi Li Adsorptive purification of NOx by HZSM-5 zeolites: Effects of Si/Al ratio, temperature, humidity, and gas composition, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Volume 348 (2023), p. 112331 | DOI:10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.112331
  • Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak; Katarzyna Machelak; Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska; Robert Pietrzak Microwave Heating for Synthesis of Carbonaceous Adsorbents for Removal of Toxic Organic and Inorganic Contaminants, Molecules, Volume 28 (2023) no. 19, p. 6825 | DOI:10.3390/molecules28196825
  • Ahmed Elsayid Ali; Zaira Zaman Chowdhury; Ramprosad Devnath; Md. Mostak Ahmed; Md. Mahfujur Rahman; Khalisanni Khalid; Yasmin Abdul Wahab; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; Sarfaraz Kamangar; Mohamed Hussien; Khalid Husain Pallan; Ajita Mitra Removal of Azo Dyes from Aqueous Effluent Using Bio-Based Activated Carbons: Toxicity Aspects and Environmental Impact, Separations, Volume 10 (2023) no. 9, p. 506 | DOI:10.3390/separations10090506
  • Yan Chen; Jintao Han; Xiaoning Yang DFT simulation of structure stability and nitrogen oxide adsorption for nitrogen and oxygen co-modified carbon nanotubes, Surfaces and Interfaces, Volume 42 (2023), p. 103498 | DOI:10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103498
  • Ishioma L. Egun; Haiyong He; Di Hu; George Z. Chen Molten Salt Carbonization and Activation of Biomass to Functional Biocarbon, Advanced Sustainable Systems, Volume 6 (2022) no. 12 | DOI:10.1002/adsu.202200294
  • Javier Ferreiro-Cabello; Esteban Fraile-Garcia; Alpha Pernia-Espinoza; Francisco Javier Martinez-de-Pison Strength Performance of Different Mortars Doped Using Olive Stones as Lightweight Aggregate, Buildings, Volume 12 (2022) no. 10, p. 1668 | DOI:10.3390/buildings12101668
  • Michal Zgrzebnicki; Vinod Nair; Shantanu Mitra; Agnieszka Kałamaga; Jacek Przepiórski; Rafal J. Wrobel N-doped activated carbon derived from furfuryl alcohol – development of porosity, properties, and adsorption of carbon dioxide and ethene, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 427 (2022), p. 131709 | DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131709
  • Anastasia Memetova; Inderjeet Tyagi; Rama Rao Karri; Vikas Kumar; Kaomud Tyagi; Suhas; Nariman Memetov; Andrey Zelenin; Tatiana Pasko; Alena Gerasimova; Dmitry Tarov; Mohammad Hadi Dehghani; Kripal Singh Porous carbon-based material as a sustainable alternative for the storage of natural gas (methane) and biogas (biomethane): A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 446 (2022), p. 137373 | DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137373
  • Zohreh Khoshraftar; Ahad Ghaemi Evaluation of pistachio shells as solid wastes to produce activated carbon for CO2 capture: Isotherm, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Volume 5 (2022), p. 100342 | DOI:10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100342
  • Arwa Lagha; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Hédi Ben Abdallah Removal of dissolved sulfides from synthetic and industrial solutions by activated carbon derived from Tunisian olive stone, Environmental Progress Sustainable Energy, Volume 41 (2022) no. 2 | DOI:10.1002/ep.13759
  • Imene Bekri; Zoubida Taleb; Safia Taleb; Salima Tlemsani; Gassan Hodaifa; Belfedal Abdelkader High adsorption capacity of thermally treated solid olive wastes to treat olive mill wastewater, Environmental Quality Management, Volume 31 (2022) no. 4, p. 391 | DOI:10.1002/tqem.21823
  • Xin Jiat Lee; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jecksin Ooi; Kai Ling Yu; Thing Chai Tham; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yong Sik Ok Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 423 (2022), p. 126921 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126921
  • Madhu Agarwal; Karishma Maheshwari; Yogendra Singh Solanki Investigation of Dye Effluent Treatment Using Unmodified and Modified Biobased Sorbent and Its Process Economics, Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, Volume 26 (2022) no. 1 | DOI:10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000650
  • M. Yu. Smirnov; A. V. Kalinkin; P. A. Simonov; V. I. Bukhtiyarov An XPS Study of the Interaction of NO2 with Sibunit in the Presence of Supported Palladium Particles, Kinetics and Catalysis, Volume 63 (2022) no. 5, p. 532 | DOI:10.1134/s0023158422050111
  • Lu Liu; Yali Zheng; Peng Gong; Guangcai Shao; Xu Huang; J. Xiao; X. Wu Influence of preparation conditions on the physical structure and surface properties of enteromorpha clathrate bio-char, MATEC Web of Conferences, Volume 358 (2022), p. 01032 | DOI:10.1051/matecconf/202235801032
  • Guancong Jiang; Li Liu; Jingjing Xiong; Yiming Luo; Liangcheng Cai; Yu Qian; Hao Wang; Liwen Mu; Xin Feng; Xiaohua Lu; Jiahua Zhu Advanced Material‐Oriented Biomass Precise Reconstruction: A Review on Porous Carbon with Inherited Natural Structure and Created Artificial Structure by Post‐Treatment, Macromolecular Bioscience, Volume 22 (2022) no. 6 | DOI:10.1002/mabi.202100479
  • Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak; Judyta Cielecka-Piontek; Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska; Robert Pietrzak Activation of Waste Materials with Carbon(IV) Oxide as an Effective Method of Obtaining Biochars of Attractive Sorption Properties towards Liquid and Gas Pollutants, Materials, Volume 15 (2022) no. 22, p. 8000 | DOI:10.3390/ma15228000
  • Tamanna Harihar Panigrahi; Satya Ranjan Sahoo; Gajiram Murmu; Dipak Maity; Sumit Saha Current challenges and developments of inorganic/organic materials for the abatement of toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) – A critical review, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Volume 68 (2022), p. 100380 | DOI:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2022.100380
  • Mohd Saufi Md Zaini; Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassan Effects of Different Physical Activation Agents on Adsorbent Pore Development and Methane Uptake, Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering), Volume 15 (2022) no. 2, p. 127 | DOI:10.2174/2405520415666220425110926
  • Elena Diaz; Ines Sanchis; Charles J. Coronella; Angel F. Mohedano Activated Carbons from Hydrothermal Carbonization and Chemical Activation of Olive Stones: Application in Sulfamethoxazole Adsorption, Resources, Volume 11 (2022) no. 5, p. 43 | DOI:10.3390/resources11050043
  • Zohreh Khoshraftar; Ahad Ghaemi Evaluation of Pistachio Shells as Solid Wastes to Produce Activated Carbon for Co2 Capture: Isotherm, Response Surface Methodology (Rsm) and Artificial Neural Network (Ann) Modeling, SSRN Electronic Journal (2022) | DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4155158
  • Souad Boumad; Antonia Infantes-Molina; Isabel Barroso-Martín; Elisa Moretti; Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón; María del Carmen Román-Martínez; María Ángeles Lillo-Ródenas; Naima Bouchenafa-Saib Advantages of the Incorporation of Luffa-Based Activated Carbon to Titania for Improving the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution, Applied Sciences, Volume 11 (2021) no. 16, p. 7607 | DOI:10.3390/app11167607
  • Meltem Şirazi; Sibel Aslan Comprehensive characterization of high surface area activated carbon prepared from olive pomace by KOH activation, Chemical Engineering Communications, Volume 208 (2021) no. 10, p. 1479 | DOI:10.1080/00986445.2020.1864628
  • Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak; Piotr Nowicki; Robert Pietrzak Removal of NO2 from gas stream by activated bio-carbons from physical activation of residue of supercritical extraction of hops, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Volume 166 (2021), p. 67 | DOI:10.1016/j.cherd.2020.11.021
  • Nada Abuelnoor; Ahmed AlHajaj; Maryam Khaleel; Lourdes F. Vega; Mohammad R.M. Abu-Zahra Activated carbons from biomass-based sources for CO2 capture applications, Chemosphere, Volume 282 (2021), p. 131111 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131111
  • Khaled Mahmoudi; Noureddine Hamdi; Mahassen Ben Ali; Salah Jellali; Ezzeddine Srasra Enhanced adsorptive removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by olive stone activated carbon, Comptes Rendus. Chimie, Volume 23 (2021) no. 11-12, p. 689 | DOI:10.5802/crchim.54
  • Amina Bedoui; Souad Souissi-Najar; Siti Shawalliah Idris; Norazah Abd Rahman; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni Thermal behaviour of impregnated olive stones with phosphoric acid via TGA-MS, Comptes Rendus. Chimie, Volume 24 (2021) no. S1, p. 149 | DOI:10.5802/crchim.118
  • Hassan Bouaik; Amine Tabal; Abdellatif Barakat; Khalifa El Harfi; Adil Aboulkas Optimal parameters and structural composition of bio-oil and biochar from intermediate pyrolysis of red algal biomass, Comptes Rendus. Chimie, Volume 24 (2021) no. S1, p. 85 | DOI:10.5802/crchim.90
  • Babatunde Oladipo; Taiwo H. Ibrahim; Sheriff O. Ajala; Aramide M. Akintunde; Abiola E. Taiwo; Eriola Betiku Synthesis of Activated Carbons for Heavy Metals Removal, Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron from Polluted Water, Volume 49 (2021), p. 1 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_1
  • Safae Allaoui; Mohammed Naciri Bennani; Hamid Ziyat; Omar Qabaqous; Najib Tijani; Najim Ittobane; Gassan Hodaifa Valorization of crude olive stone in the removing of polyphenols from crude olive mill wastewater: kinetic, isotherm and mechanism study, Heliyon, Volume 7 (2021) no. 7, p. e07525 | DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07525
  • Runping Wu; Qing Ye; Kai Wu; Hongxing Dai Low-temperature (NO + O2) adsorption performance of alkaline earth metal-doped C-FDU-15, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Volume 103 (2021), p. 172 | DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2020.10.014
  • Yingshu Liu; Yang You; Ziyi Li; Xiong Yang; Xiaoyong Wu; Chunyu Zhao; Yi Xing; Ralph T. Yang NOx removal with efficient recycling of NO2 from iron-ore sintering flue gas: A novel cyclic adsorption process, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 407 (2021), p. 124380 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124380
  • Mariana Mariana; Abdul Khalil H.P.S.; E.M. Mistar; Esam Bashir Yahya; Tata Alfatah; Mohammed Danish; Mousa Amayreh Recent advances in activated carbon modification techniques for enhanced heavy metal adsorption, Journal of Water Process Engineering, Volume 43 (2021), p. 102221 | DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102221
  • Tariq Altalhi; A Abd El-moemen; Mohamed M Ibrahim; Amine Mezni; Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaimi; M H H Mahmoud; Tushar Kumeria; Gaber A M Mersal; Nasser Y Mostafa Integrated approach in treatment of solid olive residue and olive wastewater, Materials Research Express, Volume 8 (2021) no. 11, p. 115503 | DOI:10.1088/2053-1591/ac34b9
  • Bui Thanh Son; Nguyen Viet Long; Nguyen Thi Nhat Hang The development of biomass-derived carbon-based photocatalysts for the visible-light-driven photodegradation of pollutants: a comprehensive review, RSC Advances, Volume 11 (2021) no. 49, p. 30574 | DOI:10.1039/d1ra05079f
  • Nga T. Mai; Minh N. Nguyen; Toshiki Tsubota; Phuong L. T. Nguyen; Nam H. Nguyen Evolution of physico-chemical properties of Dicranopteris linearis-derived activated carbon under various physical activation atmospheres, Scientific Reports, Volume 11 (2021) no. 1 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-93934-x
  • Cheng-Yen Tsai; Hung-Chun Tai; Chien-An Su; Li-Ming Chiang; Yuan-Yao Li Activated Microporous Carbon Nanospheres for Use in Supercapacitors, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Volume 3 (2020) no. 10, p. 10380 | DOI:10.1021/acsanm.0c02291
  • Clemens Liedel Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass, ChemSusChem, Volume 13 (2020) no. 9, p. 2110 | DOI:10.1002/cssc.201903577
  • Sidra Shaoor Kiani; Yasir Faiz; Amjad Farooq; Masroor Ahmad; Naseem Irfan; Mohsan Nawaz; Saira Bibi Synthesis and adsorption behavior of activated carbon impregnated with ASZM-TEDA for purification of contaminated air, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 108 (2020), p. 107916 | DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2020.107916
  • Isaac Lorero; Arturo J. Vizcaíno; Francisco J. Alguacil; Félix A. López Activated Carbon from Winemaking Waste: Thermoeconomic Analysis for Large-Scale Production, Energies, Volume 13 (2020) no. 23, p. 6462 | DOI:10.3390/en13236462
  • Arwa Lagha; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Hédi Ben Abdallah Hydrogen sulfide removal from the waste gas of phosphoric acid plant, Environmental Progress Sustainable Energy, Volume 39 (2020) no. 1 | DOI:10.1002/ep.13304
  • Besma Khiari; Imen Ghouma; Amel Ibn Ferjani; Ahmed Amine Azzaz; Salah Jellali; Lionel Limousy; Mejdi Jeguirim Kenaf stems: Thermal characterization and conversion for biofuel and biochar production, Fuel, Volume 262 (2020), p. 116654 | DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116654
  • Núbia Rangel Cândido; Marcos J. Prauchner; Adriana de Oliveira Vilela; Vânya M.D. Pasa The use of gases generated from eucalyptus carbonization as activating agent to produce activated carbon: an integrated process, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Volume 8 (2020) no. 4, p. 103925 | DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2020.103925
  • N. Yousfi; H. Fettaka; L.F. Velasco; P. Lodewyckx; Y. Boutillara; S. Tazibet Efficiency comparison of activated carbons prepared in inert and in self-generated atmospheres, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Volume 35 (2020) no. 9, p. 993 | DOI:10.1080/10426914.2020.1753881
  • Jinbo Ouyang; Limin Zhou; Zhirong Liu; Jerry Y.Y. Heng; Wenqian Chen Biomass-derived activated carbons for the removal of pharmaceutical mircopollutants from wastewater: A review, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 253 (2020), p. 117536 | DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117536
  • Fadina Amran; Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini Effects of chemical activating agents on physical properties of activated carbons – a commentary, Water Practice and Technology, Volume 15 (2020) no. 4, p. 863 | DOI:10.2166/wpt.2020.094
  • Sibel Aslan; Meltem Şirazi Adsorption of Sulfonamide Antibiotic onto Activated Carbon Prepared from an Agro-industrial By-Product as Low-Cost Adsorbent: Equilibrium, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies, Water, Air, Soil Pollution, Volume 231 (2020) no. 5 | DOI:10.1007/s11270-020-04576-0
  • Zongyu Wang; Hailang Kuang; Jifeng Zhang; Lilin Chu; Yulong Ji Experimental Study on the Removal of Real Exhaust Pollutants from a Diesel Engine by Activated Carbon, Applied Sciences, Volume 9 (2019) no. 15, p. 3175 | DOI:10.3390/app9153175
  • Junaid Saleem; Usman Bin Shahid; Mouhammad Hijab; Hamish Mackey; Gordon McKay Production and applications of activated carbons as adsorbents from olive stones, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Volume 9 (2019) no. 4, p. 775 | DOI:10.1007/s13399-019-00473-7
  • Kingkan Pungjunun; Sudkate Chaiyo; Narong Praphairaksit; Weena Siangproh; Astrid Ortner; Kurt Kalcher; Orawon Chailapakul; Eda Mehmeti Electrochemical detection of NOx gas based on disposable paper-based analytical device using a copper nanoparticles-modified screen-printed graphene electrode, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 143 (2019), p. 111606 | DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2019.111606
  • Simona Bennici; Claire Courson Applications in catalysis, Char and Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass (2019), p. 291 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-814893-8.00008-0
  • Meriem Belhachemi; Besma Khiari; Mejdi Jeguirim; Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano Characterization of biomass-derived chars, Char and Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass (2019), p. 69 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-814893-8.00003-1
  • Ana Maria Săcară; Cerasella Indolean; Vasile-Mircea Cristea; Liana Maria Mureşan Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system on biosorption of malachite green using fir (Abies nordmanniana) cones biomass, Chemical Engineering Communications, Volume 206 (2019) no. 10, p. 1249 | DOI:10.1080/00986445.2018.1555531
  • Lina María Romero Millán; Fabio Emiro Sierra Vargas; Ange Nzihou Catalytic Effect of Inorganic Elements on Steam Gasification Biochar Properties from Agrowastes, Energy Fuels, Volume 33 (2019) no. 9, p. 8666 | DOI:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01460
  • Chamseddine Guizani; Mejdi Jeguirim; Sylvie Valin; Marine Peyrot; Sylvain Salvador The Heat Treatment Severity Index: A new metric correlated to the properties of biochars obtained from entrained flow pyrolysis of biomass, Fuel, Volume 244 (2019), p. 61 | DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.170
  • Fatma Mbarki; Taher Selmi; Aida Kesraoui; Mongi Seffen; Philippe Gadonneix; Alain Celzard; Vanessa Fierro Hydrothermal pre-treatment, an efficient tool to improve activated carbon performances, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 140 (2019), p. 111717 | DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111717
  • Najoua Bader; Uta Sager; Ute Schneiderwind; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni Foam and granular olive stone-derived activated carbons for NO2 filtration from indoor air, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Volume 7 (2019) no. 2, p. 103005 | DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103005
  • Jonnys Paz Castro; João Rodrigo Coimbra Nobre; Maria Lucia Bianchi; Paulo Fernando Trugilho; Alfredo Napoli; Bor-Sen Chiou; Tina G. Williams; Delilah F. Wood; Roberto J. Avena-Bustillos; William J. Orts; Gustavo H. D. Tonoli Activated carbons prepared by physical activation from different pretreatments of amazon piassava fibers, Journal of Natural Fibers, Volume 16 (2019) no. 7, p. 961 | DOI:10.1080/15440478.2018.1442280
  • Mourad Ouhammou; Lamyae Lahnine; Safa Mghazli; Nadia Hidar; Mohamed Bouchdoug; Abderrahim Jaouad; Laila Mandi; Mostafa Mahrouz Valorisation of cellulosic waste basic cactus to prepare activated carbon, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 18 (2019) no. 2, p. 133 | DOI:10.1016/j.jssas.2017.03.003
  • Natalia Howaniec Olive Pomace-Derived Carbon Materials—Effect of Carbonization Pressure under CO2 Atmosphere, Materials, Volume 12 (2019) no. 18, p. 2872 | DOI:10.3390/ma12182872
  • Junayet Hossain Khan; Freddy Marpaung; Christine Young; Jianjian Lin; Md Tofazzal Islam; Saad M. Alsheri; Tansir Ahamad; Norah Alhokbany; Katsuhiko Ariga; Lok Kumar Shrestha; Yusuke Yamauchi; Kevin C.-W. Wu; Md Shahriar A. Hossain; Jeonghun Kim Jute-derived microporous/mesoporous carbon with ultra-high surface area using a chemical activation process, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Volume 274 (2019), p. 251 | DOI:10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.07.050
  • Jonnys P. Castro; João Rodrigo C. Nobre; Alfredo Napoli; Maria Lucia Bianchi; Jordão C. Moulin; Bor-Sen Chiou; Tina G. Williams; Delilah F. Wood; Roberto J. Avena-Bustillos; William J. Orts; Gustavo H. D. Tonoli Massaranduba Sawdust: A Potential Source of Charcoal and Activated Carbon, Polymers, Volume 11 (2019) no. 8, p. 1276 | DOI:10.3390/polym11081276
  • Yasmine Boutillara; Leticia F. Velasco; Peter Lodewyckx; Guy De Weireld Textural and functional modifications of activated carbons subjected to severe storing conditions, Adsorption, Volume 24 (2018) no. 7, p. 601 | DOI:10.1007/s10450-018-9979-5
  • Thielle Nayara Vieira de Souza; Samira Maria Leão de Carvalho; Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira; Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva; Davi do Socorro Barros Brasil Adsorption of basic dyes onto activated carbon: Experimental and theoretical investigation of chemical reactivity of basic dyes using DFT-based descriptors, Applied Surface Science, Volume 448 (2018), p. 662 | DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.087
  • Mejdi Jeguirim; Meriem Belhachemi; Lionel Limousy; Simona Bennici Adsorption/reduction of nitrogen dioxide on activated carbons: Textural properties versus surface chemistry – A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 347 (2018), p. 493 | DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.063
  • Syieluing Wong; Yowjeng Lee; Norzita Ngadi; Ibrahim Mohammed Inuwa; Nurul Balqis Mohamed Synthesis of activated carbon from spent tea leaves for aspirin removal, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 26 (2018) no. 5, p. 1003 | DOI:10.1016/j.cjche.2017.11.004
  • Imen Ghouma; Monia Guiza; Mejdi Jeguirim; Antonis A. Zorpas; Lionel Limousy; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni An optimization study of nickel catalyst supported on activated carbon for the 2-nitrophenol catalytic ozonation, Desalination and Water Treatment, Volume 112 (2018), p. 242 | DOI:10.5004/dwt.2018.22303
  • Norhidayah Ahmad; Sing Hung Yong; Naimah Ibrahim; Umi Fazara Md Ali; Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan; Razi Ahmad; N. Mohamed Noor; A.W. Azhari Optimisation of Copper Oxide Impregnation on Carbonised Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Nitric Oxide Removal using Response Surface Methodology, E3S Web of Conferences, Volume 34 (2018), p. 02029 | DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20183402029
  • Deneb Peredo-Mancilla; Imen Ghouma; Cecile Hort; Camelia Matei Ghimbeu; Mejdi Jeguirim; David Bessieres CO2 and CH4 Adsorption Behavior of Biomass-Based Activated Carbons, Energies, Volume 11 (2018) no. 11, p. 3136 | DOI:10.3390/en11113136
  • Asma Jeder; Angela Sanchez-Sanchez; Philippe Gadonneix; Eric Masson; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Alain Celzard; Vanessa Fierro The severity factor as a useful tool for producing hydrochars and derived carbon materials, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 25 (2018) no. 2, p. 1497 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-017-0366-7
  • Taher Selmi; Angela Sanchez-Sanchez; Philippe Gadonneix; Jacek Jagiello; Mongi Seffen; Habib Sammouda; Alain Celzard; Vanessa Fierro Tetracycline removal with activated carbons produced by hydrothermal carbonisation of Agave americana fibres and mimosa tannin, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 115 (2018), p. 146 | DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.005
  • Dai-jun Yang; Xiao-wei Ma; Hong Lv; Bing Li; Cun-man Zhang NO adsorption and temperature programmed desorption on K2CO3 modified activated carbons, Journal of Central South University, Volume 25 (2018) no. 10, p. 2339 | DOI:10.1007/s11771-018-3918-1
  • Stelios Sfakiotakis; Despina Vamvuka Thermal decomposition behavior, characterization and evaluation of pyrolysis products of agricultural wastes, Journal of the Energy Institute, Volume 91 (2018) no. 6, p. 951 | DOI:10.1016/j.joei.2017.09.001
  • Imen Ghouma; Mejdi Jeguirim; Lionel Limousy; Najoua Bader; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Simona Bennici Factors Influencing NO2 Adsorption/Reduction on Microporous Activated Carbon: Porosity vs. Surface Chemistry, Materials, Volume 11 (2018) no. 4, p. 622 | DOI:10.3390/ma11040622
  • P. González-García Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: A review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 82 (2018), p. 1393 | DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.117
  • Mohammed Amin Chemrak; Noureddine Benderdouche; Benaouda Bestani; Mokhtar Benzekri Benallou; Benoît Cagnon Removal of mercury from natural gas by a new activated adsorbent from olive stones, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 96 (2018) no. 1, p. 241 | DOI:10.1002/cjce.22944
  • Khouloud Haddad; Mejdi Jeguirim; Boutheina Jerbi; Ajmia Chouchene; Patrick Dutournié; Nicolas Thevenin; Lionel Ruidavets; Salah Jellali; Lionel Limousy Olive Mill Wastewater: From a Pollutant to Green Fuels, Agricultural Water Source and Biofertilizer, ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering, Volume 5 (2017) no. 10, p. 8988 | DOI:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01786
  • S. Álvarez-Torrellas; M. Martin-Martinez; H.T. Gomes; G. Ovejero; J. García Enhancement of p-nitrophenol adsorption capacity through N2-thermal-based treatment of activated carbons, Applied Surface Science, Volume 414 (2017), p. 424 | DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.054
  • Imen Ghouma; Mejdi Jeguirim; Uta Sager; Lionel Limousy; Simona Bennici; Eckhard Däuber; Christof Asbach; Roman Ligotski; Frank Schmidt; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni The Potential of Activated Carbon Made of Agro-Industrial Residues in NOx Immissions Abatement, Energies, Volume 10 (2017) no. 10, p. 1508 | DOI:10.3390/en10101508
  • Béchir Wanassi; Ichrak Ben Hariz; Camélia Matei Ghimbeu; Cyril Vaulot; Mohamed Ben Hassen; Mejdi Jeguirim Carbonaceous adsorbents derived from textile cotton waste for the removal of Alizarin S dye from aqueous effluent: kinetic and equilibrium studies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 24 (2017) no. 11, p. 10041 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-017-8410-1
  • A.M. Borrero-López; V. Fierro; A. Jeder; A. Ouederni; E. Masson; A. Celzard High added-value products from the hydrothermal carbonisation of olive stones, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 24 (2017) no. 11, p. 9859 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-7807-6
  • Lionel Limousy; Imen Ghouma; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Mejdi Jeguirim Amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of olive stone, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 24 (2017) no. 11, p. 9993 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-7404-8
  • Nouha Soudani; Souad Najar-Souissi; Victor K. Abderkader-Fernandez; Abdelmottalab Ouederni Effects of nitrogen plasma treatment on the surface characteristics of olive stone-based activated carbon, Environmental Technology, Volume 38 (2017) no. 8, p. 956 | DOI:10.1080/09593330.2016.1214626
  • Mejdi Jeguirim; Lionel Limousy; Madona Labaki Environmental applications of coffee processing by-products, Handbook of Coffee Processing By-Products (2017), p. 245 | DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-811290-8.00009-8
  • Imen Ghouma; Mejdi Jeguirim; Chamseddine Guizani; Abdelmottaleb Ouederni; Lionel Limousy Pyrolysis of Olive Pomace: Degradation Kinetics, Gaseous Analysis and Char Characterization, Waste and Biomass Valorization, Volume 8 (2017) no. 5, p. 1689 | DOI:10.1007/s12649-017-9919-8
  • F. Nocera; A. Gagliano; F. Patania; M. Bruno; S. Scire, 2016 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC) (2016), p. 1 | DOI:10.1109/irec.2016.7478945
  • Michael Feroldi; Andressa Caroline Neves; Vanessa Rossato Bach; Helton José Alves Adsorption technology for the storage of natural gas and biomethane from biogas, International Journal of Energy Research, Volume 40 (2016) no. 14, p. 1890 | DOI:10.1002/er.3577
  • Alessandro Leone; Roberto Romaniello; Giorgio Peri; Antonia Tamborrino Development of a new model of olives de-stoner machine: Evaluation of electric consumption and kernel characterization, Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 81 (2015), p. 108 | DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.06.016
  • Mejdi Jeguirim; Lionel Limousy International Chemical Engineering Congress 2013: From fundamentals to applied chemistry and biochemistry, Comptes Rendus. Chimie, Volume 18 (2014) no. 1, p. 11 | DOI:10.1016/j.crci.2014.11.009

Cité par 112 documents. Sources : Crossref


Commentaires - Politique


Il n'y a aucun commentaire pour cet article. Soyez le premier à écrire un commentaire !


Publier un nouveau commentaire:

Publier une nouvelle réponse: