Baroclinic instability from an experimental perspective

Uwe Harlander; Michael V. Kurgansky; Kevin Speer; Miklos Vincze

doi:10.5802/crphys.198

Review article

Baroclinic instability from an experimental perspective

Uwe Harlander ¹ ; Michael V. Kurgansky ² ; Kevin Speer ³ ; Miklos Vincze ⁴

¹ BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Dept. Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Siemens-Halske-Ring 15a, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
² A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky 3, 119017 Moscow, Russia
³ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute and Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, FL USA
⁴ Eötvös Loránd University Department of Materials Physics and HUN-REN-ELTE Theoretical Physics Research Group, Theoretical Physics Research Group, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary; Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (HUN-REN EPSS), Sopron, H-9400, Hungary

Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-48.

Abstract
Résumé

In the mid-latitude atmosphere, synoptic eddies carry heat and momentum towards the poles and are hence a major element shaping weather and climate. The eddies are due to baroclinic instability caused by a supercritical vertical wind shear, which in turn is due to a supercritical meridional temperature gradient. Since the 1950s this crucial instability has systematically been studied with the thermally driven rotating annulus laboratory experiment. In this review, we summarize the research on baroclinic instability from the experimenter’s perspective covering a period of about three quarters of a century. The fact that it was possible to tie in with the field of atmospheric dynamics, right from the start in the 1950s, makes the experiment unique compared to other experiments representing geophysical flow phenomena. The applications span a wide range of topics, e.g., regime transitions and the route to turbulence in the presence of rotation, or geostrophic turbulence, internal wave generation at baroclinic fronts, tests of operational weather forecasting methods, extreme value distributions with regard to climate, and more. In view of new measurement methods and data processing techniques, the baroclinic instability experiment will continue to be an important complement to numerical methods in the future.

Dans l’atmosphère des latitudes moyennes, les tourbillons synoptiques transportent la chaleur et élan vers les pôles et constituent donc un élément majeur du temps et du climat. Les tourbillons sont dus à l’instabilité barocline provoquée par un cisaillement vertical du vent supercritique, lui-même dû à un gradient de température méridien supercritique. Depuis les années 1950, cette instabilité cruciale a été systématiquement étudiée à l’aide de l’expérience de laboratoire de l’anneau rotatif à entraînement thermique. Dans cette revue, nous résumons les recherches sur l’instabilité barocline du point de vue de l’expérimentateur, sur une période d’environ trois quarts de siècle. Le fait qu’il ait été possible d’établir un lien avec le domaine de la dynamique atmosphérique, dès le début dans les années 1950, rend l’expérience unique par rapport à d’autres expériences utilisées pour examiner les phénomènes d’écoulements géophysiques. Les applications couvrent un large éventail de sujets, par exemple les transitions de régime et la voie vers la turbulence géostrophique, la génération d’ondes internes sur les fronts baroclines, les tests de méthodes opérationnelles de prévision météorologique, les distributions de valeurs extrêmes en ce qui concerne le climat, etc. Compte tenu des nouvelles méthodes de mesure et des techniques de traitement des données, l’expérience sur l’instabilité barocline restera à l’avenir un complément important des méthodes numériques.

Received: 2024-04-09
Revised: 2024-07-25
Accepted: 2024-08-05
Online First: 2024-09-30

DOI: 10.5802/crphys.198

Keywords: Baroclinic instability, jet streams, Eady waves, Rossby waves
Mot clés : Instabilité barocline, courant-jets, ondes de Eady, ondes de Rossby

Author's affiliations:

Uwe Harlander ¹; Michael V. Kurgansky ²; Kevin Speer ³; Miklos Vincze ⁴

¹ BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Dept. Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Siemens-Halske-Ring 15a, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
² A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky 3, 119017 Moscow, Russia
³ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute and Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, FL USA
⁴ Eötvös Loránd University Department of Materials Physics and HUN-REN-ELTE Theoretical Physics Research Group, Theoretical Physics Research Group, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary; Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (HUN-REN EPSS), Sopron, H-9400, Hungary

License:

CC-BY 4.0

Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights

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Uwe Harlander; Michael V. Kurgansky; Kevin Speer; Miklos Vincze. Baroclinic instability from an experimental perspective. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Online first (2024), pp. 1-48. doi : 10.5802/crphys.198.

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